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Archimedes (ca. 235 bc) b. Syracuse
Concerning levers
Give me a place to stand, and I will move the Earth.

Asimov, Isaac
(1920-1992) b. Petrovichi, Russia.
(With reference to a correspondent)
The young specialist in English Lit, ...lectured me severely on the fact that in every century people have thought they understood the Universe at last, and in every century they were proved to be wrong. It follows that the one thing we can say about our modern "knowledge" is that it is wrong.

... My answer to him was, "... when people thought the Earth was flat, they were wrong. When people thought the Earth was spherical they were wrong. But if you think that thinking the Earth is spherical is just as wrong as thinking the Earth is flat, then your view is wronger than both of them put together."

Isaac Asimov,The Relativity of Wrong, Kensington Books, New York, 1996, p 226. (1) Available from Amazon.com

Asimov, Isaac
(1920-1992) b. Petrovichi, Russia.
At two-tenths the speed of light, dust and atoms might not do significant damage even in a voyage of 40 years, but the faster you go, the worse it is--space begins to become abrasive. When you begin to approach the speed of light, hydrogen atoms become cosmic-ray particles, and they will fry the crew. ...So 60,000 kilometers per second may be the practical speed limit for space travel.

Isaac Asimov, Sail On! Sail On! In The Relativity of Wrong, Kensington Books, New York, 1996, p 220. (1) Available from Amazon.com


Bacon, Francis
(1561-1626) b. London, England
For it is esteemed a kind of dishonour unto learning to descend to inquiry or meditation upon matters mechanical, except they be such as may be thought secrets, rarities, and special subtilities, which humour of vain supercilious arrogancy is justly derided in Plato... But the truth is, they be not the highest instances that give the securest information; as may well be expressed in the tale... of the philosopher, that while he gazed upwards to the stars fell into the water; for if he had looked down he might have seen the stars in the water, but looking aloft he could not see the water in the stars. So it cometh often to pass, that mean and small things discover great, better than great can discover the small.

Francis Bacon, The Advancement of Learning, J.M. Dent and Son, London, England, 1973, pp 71-72. (1) Newer edition available from Amazon.com

Bacon, Francis
The men of experiment are like the ant, they only collect and use; the reasoners resemble spiders, who make cobwebs out of their own substance. But the bee takes the middle course: it gathers its material from the flowers of the garden and field, but transforms and digests it by a power of its own. Not unlike this is the true business of philosophy (science); for it neither relies solely or chiefly on the powers of the mind, nor does it take the matter which it gathers from natural history and mechanical experiments and lay up in the memory whole, as it finds it, but lays it up in the understanding altered and disgested. Therefore, from a closer and purer league between these two faculties, the experimental and the rational (such as has never been made), much may be hoped.

Francis Bacon, Novum Organum, Liberal Arts Press, Inc., New York, p 93. (5) Available from Amazon.com

Bierce, Ambrose
(1842-?1914) b. Meggs Co., Ohio
An inventor is a person who makes an ingenious arrangement of wheels, levers and springs, and believes it civilization.

Ambrose Bierce, The Devil's Dictionary, Dover Publications, NY, 1958, p 70. (3) Available from Amazon.com

Binet, Alfred
(1857-1911) b. France
On his intelligence scale
The scale, properly speaking, does not permit the measure of the intelligence, because intellectual qualities are not superposable, and therefore cannot be measured as linear surfaces are measured.

Quoted in Stephen Jay Gould, The Mismeasure of Man, W.W. Norton and Co., Ltd, NY, 1996, p 181. (1) Available from Amazon.com

Boltzman, Ludwig
(1844-1906) b Vienna, Austria
The most ordinary things are to philosophy a source of insoluble puzzles. With infinite ingenuity it constructs a concept of space or time and then finds it absolutely impossible that there be objects in this space or that processes occur during this time... the source of this kind of logic lies in excessive confidence in the so-called laws of thought.

Ludwig Boltzmann. Populaere Schriften Essay 19, Ludwig Boltzmann, Theoretical Physics and Philosophical Problems, B. McGuinness (ed) Reidel, Dordrecht, 1974, p 64. (7)

Boltzman, Ludwig
To go straight to the deepest depth, I went for Hegel; what unclear thoughtless flow of words I was to find there! My unlucky star led me from Hegel to Schopenhauer ... Even in Kant there were many things that I could grasp so little that given his general acuity of mind I almost suspected that he was pulling the reader's leg or was even an imposter.

D. Flamm. Stud. Hist. Phil. Sci. 14: 257 (1983). (7)

Curie, Marie
(1867-1934) b. Warsaw, Poland (née Maria Sklodowska)
Humanity needs practical men, who get the most out of their work, and, without forgetting the general good, safeguard their own interests. But humanity also needs dreamers, for whom the disinterested development of an enterprise is so captivating that it becomes impossible for them to devote their care to their own material profit.

Without doubt, these dreamers do not deserve wealth, because they do not desire it. Even so, a well-organized society should assure to such workers the efficient means of accomplishing their task, in a life freed from material care and freely consecrated to research.

Eve Curie (translated by Vincent Sheean), Madame Curie, Pocket books, Simon and Schuster, New york, 1946, pp 352-253. (7) Newer edition available from Amazon.com

Churchill, Winston, Spencer
(1874-1965) b. Malborough, England
Some of my cousins who had the great advantage of University education used to tease me with arguments to prove that nothing has any existence except what we think of it. ... These amusing mental acrobatics are all right to play with.They are perfectly harmless and perfectly useless. ... I always rested on the following argument... We look up to the sky and see the sun. Our eyes are dazzled and our senses record the fact. So here is this great sun standing apparently on no better foundation than our physical senses. But happily there is a method, apart altogether from our physical senses, of testing the reality of the sun. It is by mathematics. By means of prolonged processes of mathematics, entirely separate from the senses, astronomers are able to calculate when an eclipse will occur. They predict by pure reason that a black spot will pass across the sun on a certain day. You go and look, and your sense of sight immediately tells you that their calculations are vindicated. So here you have the evidence of the senses reinforced by the entirely separate evidence of a vast independent process of mathematical reasoning. We have taken what is called in military map-making "a cross bearing." ... When my metaphysical friends tell me that the data on which the astronomers made their calculations, were necessarily obtained originally through the evidence of the senses, I say, "no." They might, in theory at any rate, be obtained by automatic calculating-machines set in motion by the light falling upon them without admixture of the human senses at any stage. When it is persisted that we should have to be told about the calculations and use our ears for that purpose, I reply that the mathematical process has a reality and virtue in itself, and that once discovered it constitutes a new and independent factor. I am also at this point accustomed to reaffirm with emphasis my conviction that the sun is real, and also that it is hot--in fact hot as Hell, and that if the metaphysicians doubt it they should go there and see.

Winston S. Churchill, My Early Life, Fontana, London, 1972, pp 123-124. (1) Newer edition available from Amazon.com

Churchill, Winston S.
...man will occasionally stumble over the truth, but usually manages to pick himself up, walk over or around it, and carry on.

Quoted in: Irving Klotz, Bending perception, a book review, Nature, 1996, Volume 379, p 412 (1).

Crick, Francis
(1916-) b. Northampton, England
When the war finally came to an end, I was at a loss as to what to do... I took stock of my qualifications. A not-very-good degree, redeemed somewhat by my achievements at the Admiralty. A knowledge of certain restricted parts of magnetism and hydrodynamics, neither of them subjects for which I felt the least bit of enthusiasm. No published papers at all... Only gradually did I realize that this lack of qualification could be an advantage. By the time most scientists have reached age thirty they are trapped by their own expertise. They have invested so much effort in one particular field that it is often extremely difficult, at that time in their careers, to make a radical change. I, on the other hand, knew nothing, except for a basic training in somewhat old-fashioned physics and mathematics and an ability to turn my hand to new things... Since I essentially knew nothing, I had an almost completely free choice...

Francis Crick, What Mad Pursuit, Basic Books, New York, 1988, pp 15-16. (1) Available from Amazon.com

Cuppy, Will
1884-1949
Some fishes become extinct, but Herrings go on forever. Herrings spawn at all times and places and nothing will induce them to change their ways. They have no fish control. Herrings congregate in schools, where they learn nothing at all. They move in vast numbers in May and October. Herrings subsist upon Copepods and Copepods subsist upon Diatoms and Diatoms just float around and reproduce. Young Herrings or Sperling or Whitebait are rather cute. They have serrated abdomens. The skull of the Common or Coney Island Herring is triangular, but he would be just the same anyway. (The nervous system of the Herring is fairly simple. When the Herring runs into something the stimulus is flashed to the forebrain, with or without results.)

Will Cuppy, How to Become Extinct, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1984, p. 13. (1) Available from Amazon.com

Darwin, Charles
To suppose that the eye with all its inimitable contrivances for adjusting the focus to different distances, for admitting different amounts of light, and for the correction of spherical and chromatic aberration, could have been formed by natural selection, seems, I confess, absurd in the highest degree.

Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species, John Murray, London, 1859. (1) Newer edition available from Amazon.com

Davy, Sir Humphrey
Nothing tends so much to the advancement of knowledge as the application of a new instrument. The native intellectual powers of men in different times are not so much the causes of the different success of their labours, as the peculiar nature of the means and artificial resources in their possession.

Thomas Hager, Force of Nature, Simon ans Schuster, New York, 1995, p 86. (1) Available from Amazon.com

Drake, Frank
(1930-) b. Chicago, Illinois
"I know perfectly well that at this moment the whole universe is listening to us," Jean Giraudoux wrote in The Madwoman of Chaillot, "and that every word we say echoes to the remotest star." That poetic paranoia is a perfect description of what the Sun, as a gravitational lens, could do for the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence.

Frank Drake and Dava Sobel, Is Anyone Out There? Dell Publishing, New York, 1994, p.232. (1) Available from Amazon.com

Dyson, Freeman
(On the anthropogenic increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration)
The essential fact which emerges ... is that the three smallest and most active reservoirs ( of carbon in the global carbon cycle), the atmosphere, the plants and the soil, are all of roughly the same size. This means that large human disturbance of any one of these reservoirs will have large effects on all three. We cannot hope either to understand or to manage the carbon in the atmosphere unless we understand and manage the trees and the soil too.

 

Freeman Dyson, From Eros to Gaia, Penguin Books, London, New York, 1993, pp 132-133. Newer edition available from Amazon.com

Dyson, Freeman
The technologies which have had the most profound effects on human life are usually simple. A good example of a simple technology with profound historical consequences is hay. Nobody knows who invented hay, the idea of cutting grass in the autumn and storing it in large enough quantities to keep horses and cows alive through the winter. All we know is that the technology of hay was unknown to the Roman Empire but was known to every village of medieval Europe. Like many other crucially important technologies, hay emerged anonymously during the so-called Dark Ages. According the Hay Theory of History, the invention of hay was the decisive event which moved the center of gravity of urban civilization from the Mediterranean basin to Northern and Western Europe. The Roman Empire did not need hay because in a Mediterranean climate the grass grows well enough in winter for animals to graze. North of the Alps, great cities dependent on horses and oxen for motive power could not exist without hay. So it was hay that allowed populations to grow and civilizations to flourish among the forests of Northern Europe. Hay moved the greatness of Rome to Paris and London, and later to Berlin and Moscow and New York.

Freeman Dyson Infinite in All Directions, Harper and Row, New York, 1988, p 135. Available from Amazon.com

Eddington, Sir Arthur
(1882-1944) b. England
For the truth of the conclusions of physical science, observation is the supreme Court of Appeal. It does not follow that every item which we confidently accept as physical knowledge has actually been certified by the Court; our confidence is that it would be certified by the Court if it were submitted. But it does follow that every item of physical knowledge is of a form which might be submitted to the Court. It must be such that we can specify (although it may be impracticable to carry out) an observational procedure which would decide whether it is true or not. Clearly a statement cannot be tested by observation unless it is an assertion about the results of observation. Every item of physical knowledge must therefore be an assertion of what has been or would be the result of carrying out a specified observational procedure.

Sir Arthur Eddington, The Philosophy of Physical Science, Ann Arbor Paperbacks, The University of Michigan Press, 1958, pp 9-10. Available from Amazon.com

Eddington, Sir Arthur
(1882-1944) b. England
Let us suppose that an ichthyologist is exploring the life of the ocean. He casts a net into the water and brings up a fishy assortment. Surveying his catch, he proceeds in the usual manner of a scientist to systematise what it reveals. He arrives at two generalisations:
(1) No sea-creature is less than two inches long.
(2) All sea-creatures have gills.
These are both true of his catch, and he assumes tentatively that they will remain true however often he repeats it.

In applying this analogy, the catch stands for the body of knowledge which constitutes physical science, and the net for the sensory and intellectual equipment which we use in obtaining it. The casting of the net corresponds to observation; for knowledge which has not been or could not be obtained by observation is not admitted into physical science.

An onlooker may object that the first generalisation is wrong. "There are plenty of sea-creatures under two inches long, only your net is not adapted to catch them." The icthyologist dismisses this objection contemptuously. "Anything uncatchable by my net is ipso facto outside the scope of icthyological knowledge. In short, "what my net can't catch isn't fish." Or--to translate the analogy--"If you are not simply guessing, you are claiming a knowledge of the physical universe discovered in some other way than by the methods of physical science, and admittedly unverifiable by such methods. You are a metaphysician. Bah!"

Sir Arthur Eddington, The Philosophy of Physical Science, Ann Arbor Paperbacks, The University of Michigan Press, 1958, p 16. Available from Amazon.com

Einstein, Albert
(1879-1955) b. Germany
(To a student)
Dear Miss ---
I have read about sixteen pages of your manuscript ... I suffered exactly the same treatment at the hands of my teachers who disliked me for my independence and passed over me when they wanted assistants ... keep your manuscript for your sons and daughters, in order that they may derive consolation from it and not give a damn for what their teachers tell them or think of them. ... There is too much education altogether.

Albert Einstein, The World as I See It, The Wisdom Library, New York, 1949, pp 21-22. (1) Newer edition available from Amazon.com

Einstein, Albert
(Written in old age) I have never belonged wholeheartedly to a country, a state, nor to a circle of friends, nor even to my own family.

When I was still a rather precocious young man, I already realized most vividly the futility of the hopes and aspirations that most men pursue throughout their lives.

Well-being and happiness never appeared to me as an absolute aim. I am even inclined to compare such moral aims to the ambitions of a pig.

Quoted in C.P. Snow, Variety of Men, Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, U.K. 1969, p 77. (1) Available from Amazon.com

Feynman, Richard P.
(1918-1988) b. Far Rockaway, New York
What I am going to tell you about is what we teach our physics students in the third or fourth year of graduate school... It is my task to convince you not to turn away because you don't understand it. You see my physics students don't understand it... That is because I don't understand it. Nobody does.

Richard P. Feynman, QED, The Strange Theory of Light and Matter, Penguin Books, London, 1990, p 9. (1) Different edition available from Amazon.com

Frisch, Max
(1911-) b. Switzerland
Technology is the knack of so arranging the world that we do not experience it.

Rollo May, The Cry for Myth, Norton, New York, p 57. (4) Available from Amazon.com

Gell-Mann, Murray
In 1963, when I assigned the name "quark" to the fundamental constituents of the nucleon, I had the sound first, without the spelling, which could have been "kwork." Then, in one of my occasional perusals of Finnegans Wake, by James Joyce, I came across the word "quark" in the phrase "Three quarks for Muster Mark." Since "quark" (meaning, for one thing, the cry of a gull) was clearly intended to rhyme with "Mark," as well as "bark" and other such words, I had to find an excuse to pronounce it as "kwork." But the book represents the dreams of a publican named Humphrey Chimpden Earwicker. Words in the text are typically drawn from several sources at once, like the "portmanteau words" in Through the Looking Glass. From time to time, phrases occur in the book that are partially determined by calls for drinks at the bar. I argued, therefore, that perhaps one of the multiple sources of the cry "Three quarks for Muster Mark" might be "Three quarts for Mister Mark," in which case the pronunciation "kwork" would not be totally unjustified. In any case, the number three fitted perfectly the way quarks occur in nature.

Murray Gell-Mann, The Quark and the Jaguar, W.H. Freeman, New York, 1994, pp 180-181. (1)

Hawking, Stephen W.
(1942-) b. Oxford, England
Even if there is only one possible unified theory, it is just a set of rules and equations. What is it that breathes fire into the equations and makes a universe for them to describe? The usual approach of science of constructing a mathematical model cannot answer the questions of why there should be a universe for the model to describe. Why does the universe go to all the bother of existing?

Stephen W. Hawking, A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes, Bantam, NY, 1988, p 174. Available from Amazon.com

Hawking, Stephen W.
There are grounds for cautious optimism that we may now be near the end ofthe search for the ultimate laws of nature.

Stephen W. Hawking, A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes, Bantam, NY, 1988, p 157. Available from Amazon.com

Ingram, Jay W.
I once read that if the folds in the cerebral cortex were smoothed out it would cover a card table. That seemed quite unbelievable but it did make me wonder just how big the cortex would be if you ironed it out. I thought it might just about cover a family-sized pizza: not bad, but no card-table. I was astonished to realize that nobody seems to know the answer. A quick search yielded the following estimates for the smoothed out dimensions of the cerebral cortex of the human brain.

An article in Bioscience in November 1987 by Julie Ann Miller claimed the cortex was a "quarter-metre square." That is napkin-sized, about ten inches by ten inches. Scientific American magazine in September 1992 upped the ante considerably with an estimated of 1 1/2 square metres; thats a square of brain forty inches on each side, getting close to the card-table estimate. A psychologist at the University of Toronto figured it would cover the floor of his living room (I haven't seen his living room), but the prize winning estimate so far is from the British magazine New Scientist's poster of the brain published in 1993 which claimed that the cerebral cortex, if flattened out, would cover a tennis court. How can there be such disagreement? How can so many experts not know how big the cortex is? I don't know, but I'm on the hunt for an expert who will say the cortex, when fully spread out, will cover a football field. A Canadian football field.

Jay Ingram, The Burning House, Unlocking the Mysteries of the Brain Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, U.K., 1995 p 11.

John Paul II, Pope (Karol Wojtyla)
(1920-) b. Wadowice, Poland
Science can purify religion from error and superstition. Religion can purify science from idolatry and false absolutes.

James Reston, Galileo, A Life, HarperCollins, NY, 1994, p 461. (1) Available from Amazon.com

Johnson, George
The weapons laboratory of Los Alamos stands as a reminder that our very power as pattern finders can work against us, that it is possible to discern enought of the universe's underlying order to tap energy so powerful that it can destroy its discoverers or slowly poison them with its waste.

George Johnson Fire in the Mind, Vintage Books, New York, 1996, p 326. (1) Available from Amazon.com

Johnson, Samuel, Dr.
(1709-1784) b. Lichfield, England
Swallows certainly sleep all winter. A number of them conglobulate together, by flying round and round, and then all in a heap throw themselves under water, and lye in the bed of a river.

James Boswell The Life of Samuel Johnson, LL.D., 3rd Edn., Malone, London, 1799 (Abridged Edn., The New American Library, NY, 1968, p 192.) Available from Amazon.com


Kauffman, Stuart
Life emerged, I suggest, not simple, but complex and whole, and has remained complex and whole ever since—not because of a mysterious élan vital, but thanks to the simple, profound transformation of dead molecules into an organization by which each molecule's formation is catalyzed by some other molecule in the organization. The secret of life, the wellspring of reproduction, is not to be found in the beauty of Watson-Crick pairing, but in the achievement of collective catalytic closure. So, in another sense, life—complex, whole, emergent—is simple after all, a natural outgrowth of the world in which we live.

Stuart Kauffman At Home in the Universe, Oxford University Press, 1995, pp 47-48. Available from Amazon.com

Kauffman, Stuart
If biologists have ignored self-organization, it is not because self-ordering is not pervasive and profound. It is because we biologists have yet to understand how to think about systems governed simultaneously by two sources of order, Yet who seeing the snowflake, who seeing simple lipid molecules cast adrift in water forming themselves into cell-like hollow lipid vesicles, who seeing the potential for the crystallization of life in swarms of reacting molecules, who seeing the stunning order for free in networks linking tens upon tens of thousands of variables, can fail to entertain a central thought: if ever we are to attain a final theory in biology, we will surely, surely have to understand the commingling of self-organization and selection. We will have to see that we are the natural expressions of a deeper order. Ultimately, we will discover in our creation myth that we are expected after all.

Stuart Kauffman At Home in the Universe, Oxford University Press, 1995, p 112. Available from Amazon.com

Kauffman, Stuart

Pick up a pinecone and count the spiral rows of scales. You may find eight spirals winding up to the left and 13 spirals winding up to the right, or 13 left and 21 right spirals, or other pairs of numbers. The striking fact is that these pairs of numbers are adjacent numbers in the famous Fibonacci series: 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21... Here, each term is the sum of the previous two terms. The phenomenon is well known and called phyllotaxis. Many are the efforts of biologists to understand why pinecones, sunflowers, and many other plants exhibit this remarkable pattern. Organisms do the strangest things, but all these odd things need not reflect selection or historical accident. Some of the best efforts to understand phyllotaxis appeal to a form of self-organization. Paul Green, at Stanford, has argued persuasively that the Fibonacci series is just what one would expects as the simplest self-repeating pattern that can be generated by the particular growth processes in the growing tips of the tissues that form sunflowers, pinecones, and so forth. Like a snowflake and its sixfold symmetry, the pinecone and its phyllotaxis may be part of order for free

Stuart Kauffman At Home in the Universe, Oxford University Press, 1995, p 151. (1) Available from Amazon.com

Kaku, Michio
It is often stated that of all the theories proposed in this century, the silliest is quantum theory. In fact, some say that the only thing that quantum theory has going for it is that it is unquestionably correct.

Michio Kaku Hyperspace, Oxford University Press, 1995, p 263. (1)Available from Amazon.com

Kaku, Michio
There are many examples of old, incorrect theories that stubbornly persisted, sustained only by the prestige of foolish but well-connected scientists. ... Many of these theories have been killed off only when some decisive experiment exposed their incorrectness. .. Thus the yeoman work in any science, and especially physics, is done by the experimentalist, who must keep the theoreticians honest.

Michio Kaku Hyperspace, Oxford University Press, 1995, p 263. (1) Available from Amazon.com

Kealey, Terence
There is a central myth about British science and economic growth, and it goes like this: science breeds wealth, Britain is in economic decline, therefore Britain has not done enough science. Actually, it is easy to show that a key cause of Britain's economic decline has been that the government has funded too much science...

Post-war British science policy illustrates the folly of wasting money on research. The government decided, as it surveyed the ruins of war-torn Europe in 1945, that the future lay in computers, nuclear power and jet aircraft, so successive administrations poured money into these projects--to vast technical success. The world's first commercial mainframe computer was British, sold by Ferrranti in 1951; the world's first commercial jet aircraft was British, the Comet, in service in 1952; the first nuclear power station was British, Calder Hall, commissioned in 1956; and the world's first and only supersonic commercial jet aircraft was Anglo-French, Concorde, in service in 1976.

Yet these technical advances crippled us economically, because they were so uncommercial. The nuclear generation of electricity, for example, had lost 2.1 billion pounds by 1975 (2.1 billion pounds was a lot then); Concord had lost us, alone, 2.3 billion pounds by 1976; the Comet crashed and America now dominates computers. Had these vast sums of money not been wasted on research, we would now be a significantly richer country.

Terence Kealey Wasting Billions, the Scientific Way, The Sunday Times, October 13, 1996. (1)

Keynes, John Maynard
The difficulty lies, not in the new ideas, but in escaping the old ones, which ramify, for those brought up as most of us have been, into every corner of our minds.

Quoted in: K. Eric Drexler Engines of Creation: the Coming Era of Nanotechnology, Bantam, New York, 1987, p 231. (1) Available from Amazon.com

Lewis, C.S.
(1898-1963) b. Ireland
There is something which unites magic and applied science while separating both from the 'wisdom' of earlier ages. For the wise men of old the cardinal problem had been how to conform the soul to reality, and the solution had been knowledge, self-discipline, and virtue. for magic and applied science alike the problem is how to subdue reality to the wishes of men: the solution is a technique; and both, in the practice of this technique, are ready to do things hitherto regarded as disgusting and impious--such as digging up and mutilating the dead.

If we compare the chief trumpeter of the new era (Bacon) with Marlowe's Faustus, the similarity is striking. You will read in some critics that Faustus has a thirst for knowledge. In reality he hardly mentions it. It is not truth he wants from the devils, but gold and guns and girls. In the same spirit, Bacon condemns those who value knowledge as an end in itself... The true object is to extend Man's power to the performance of all things possible. He rejects magic because it does not work; but his goal is that of the magician...

No doubt those who really founded modern science were usually those whose love of truth exceeded their love of power; in every mixed movement the efficacy comes from the good elements not from the bad. But the presence of bad elements in not irrelevant to the direction the efficacy takes. It might be going too far to say that the modern scientific movement was tainted from its birth; but I think it would be true to say that it was born in an unhealthy neighbourhood and at an inauspicious hour. Its triumphs may have been too rapid and purchased at too high a price: reconsideration, and something like repentance, may be required.

Lewis, C.S. The Abolition of Man, Collins, Fount Paperback, 1978, p. 46. (1) Available from Amazon.com

Leakey, Richard and Roger Lewin
It has taken biologists some 230 years to identify and describe three quarters of a million insects; if there are indeed at least thirty million, as Erwin (Terry Erwin, the Smithsonian Institute) estimates, then, working as they have in the past, insect taxonomists have ten thousand years of employment ahead of them. Ghilean Prance, director of the Botanical Gardens in Kew, estimates that a complete list of plants in the Americas would occupy taxonomists for four centuries, again working at historical rates.

Richard Leakey and Roger Lewin, 1995, The Sixth Extinction, Anchor, New York, pp 122-123. Available from Amazon.com

Lippmann, Walter
Without offering any data on all that occurs between conception and the age of kindergarten, they announce on the basis of what they have got out of a few thousand questionnaires that they are measuring the hereditary mental endowment of human beings. Obviously, this is not a conclusion obtained by research. It is a conclusion planted by the will to believe. It is, I think, for the most part unconsciously planted ... If the impression takes root that these tests really measure intelligence, that they constitute a sort of last judgment on the child's capacity, that they reveal "scientifically" his predestined ability, then it would be a thousand times better if all the intelligence testers and all their questionnaires were sunk in the Sargasso Sea.

In the course of a debate with Lewis Terman: quoted in Stephen Jay Gould, The Mismeasure of Man, W.W. Norton and Co., Ltd, NY, 1996, p 181. (1)

Lucretius
(99 B.C.-55 B.C.) b. Rome
(On the temperature of water in wells)
The reason why the water in wells becomes colder in summer is that the earth is then rarefied by the heat, and releases into the air all the heat-particles it happens to have. So, the more the earth is drained of heat, the colder becomes the moisture that is concealed in the ground. On the other hand, when all the earth condenses and contracts and congeals with the cold, then, of course, as it contracts, it squeezes our into the wells whatever heat it holds.

Lucretius On the nature of things (De Rerum Natura), Sphere Books, London, 1969, p. 233. (1) Newer edition available from Amazon.com

Mencken, H(enry) L(ouis)
(1880-1956) b. Baltimore, MD
The value the world sets upon motives is often grossly unjust and inaccurate. Consider, for example, two of them: mere insatiable curiosity and the desire to do good. The latter is put high above the former, and yet it is the former that moves one of the most useful men the human race has yet produced: the scientific investigator. What actually urges him on is not some brummagem idea of Service, but a boundless, almost pathological thirst to penetrate the unknown, to uncover the secret, to find out what has not been found out before. His prototype is not the liberator releasing slaves, the good Samaritan lifting up the fallen, but a dog sniffing tremendously at an infinite series of rat-holes.

Mencken, H.L., Reprinted in A Mencken Crestomathy, Vintage Books, New York, 1982, p. 12, first printed in the Smart Set, Aug. 1919, pp 60-61. (1)

Michelson, Albert, Abraham
(1852-1931) b. Germany
(In 1903)
The most important fundamental laws and facts of physical science have all been discovered, and these are now so firmly established that the possibility of their ever being supplemented in consequence of new discoveries is exceedingly remote.

Quoted by Peter Coveney and Roger Highfield in The Arrow of Time, Flamingo, London 1991, p 67. Available from Amazon.com

Mill, John Stuart
The tendency has always been strong to believe that whatever received a name must be an entity or being, having an independent existence of its own. And if no real entity answering to the name could be found, men did not for that reason suppose that none existed, but imagined that it was something peculiarly abstruse and mysterious.

Quoted in Stephen Jay Gould, The Mismeasure of Man, W.W. Norton and Co., Ltd, NY, 1996, p 181. (1)

Monod, Jacques
Biology occupies a position among the sciences at once marginal and central. Marginal because--the living world constituting but a tiny and very "special" part of the universe--it does not seem likely that the study of living beings will ever uncover general laws applicable outside the biosphere. But if the ultimate aim of the whole of science is indeed, as I believe, to clarify man's relationship to the universe, then biology must be accorded a central position...

Jacques Monod Chance and Necessity Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1971, p xi. (1) Available from Amazon.com

Newton, Isaac
(1642-1727) b. Woolsthorpe, England
If I have seen further than others, it is by standing upon the shoulders of giants.

On how he made discoveries
By always thinking unto them. I keep the subject constantly before me and wait till the first dawnings open little by little into the full light.

E.N. da C. Andrade, Sir Isaac Newton, His Life and Work, Doubleday Anchor, New York, 1950, p. 35. (1) Newer edition available from Amazon.com

Pasteur, Louis
(1822-1892) b. Dôle, France
Science knows no country, because knowledge belongs to humanity, and is the torch which illuminates the world. Science is the highest personification of the nation because that nation will remain the first which carries the furthest the works of thought and intelligence.

René Dubos, Pasteur and Modern Science, Doubleday, Garden City, NY, 1960, p. 145. (1) Available from Amazon.com

Chance favors the prepared mind.

 

Quoted in H. Eves Return to Mathematical Circles, Prindle, Wever and Schmidt, Boston, 1988. (2) Available from Amazon.com

Pauling, Linus
(1901-1994) b. Portland, Oregon
I recognize that many physicists are smarter than I am--most of them theoretical physicists. A lot of smart people have gone into theoretical physics, therefore the field is extremely competitive. I console myself with the thought that although they may be smarter and may be deeper thinkers than I am, I have broader interests than they have.

Linus Pauling, The Meaning of Life, Edited by David Friend and the editors of Life, Little Brown, New York, 1990, p. 69. (6)

Polanyi, John C.
(1929-) b. Berlin, Germany
(Concerning the allocation of research funds) It is folly to use as one's guide in the selection of fundamental science the criterion of utility. Not because (scientists)... despise utility. But because. .. useful outcomes are best identified after the making of discoveries, rather than before.

John C. Polanyi. Excerpt from the keynote address to the Canadian Society for the Weizmann Institute of Science, Toronto June 2, 1996.

Polanyi, John C.
Faced with the admitted difficulty of managing the creative process, we are doubling our efforts to do so. Is this because science has failed to deliver, having given us nothing more than nuclear power, penicillin, space travel, genetic engineering, transistors, and superconductors? Or is it because governments everywhere regard as a reproach activities they cannot advantageously control? They felt that way about the marketplace for goods, but trillions of wasted dollars later, they have come to recognize the efficiency of this self-regulating system. Not so, however, with the marketplace for ideas.

John C. Polanyi In Martin Moskovits (Ed.), Science and Society, the John C. Polanyi Nobel Lareates Lectures, Anansi Press, Concord, Ontario, 1995, p 8. (1) Available from Amazon.com

Postman, Neil
Educators may bring upon themselves unnecessary travail by taking a tactless and unjustifiable position about the relation between scientific and religious narratives. We see this, of course, in the conflict concerning creation science. Some educators representing, as they think, the conscience of science act much like those legislators who in 1925 prohibited by law the teaching of evolution in Tennessee. In that case, anti-evolutionists were fearful that a scientific idea would undermine religious belief. Today, pro-evolutionists are fearful that a religious idea will undermine scientific belief. The former had insufficient confidence in religion; the latter insufficient confidence in science. The point is that profound but contradictory ideas may exist side by side, if they are constructed from different materials and methods and have different purposes. Each tells us something important about where we stand in the universe, and it is foolish to insist that they must despise each other.

Neil Postman, The End of Education, Alfred Knopf, New York, 1995, p 107. (1) Available from Amazon.com

Postman, Neil
(19??-) b. New York, USA
"The scientific method," Thomas Henry Huxley once wrote, "is nothing but the normal working of the human mind." That is to say, when the mind is working; that is to say further, when it is engaged in corrrecting its mistakes.

Taking this point of view, we may conclude that science is not physics, biology, or chemistry--is not even a "subject"--but a moral imperative drawn from a larger narrative whose purpose is to give perspective, balance, and humility to learning.

Neil Postman, The End of Education, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1995, p 68. Available from Amazon.com

Russell, Bertrand, Arthur, William
(1872-1970) b. England
Every living thing is a sort of imperialist, seeking to transform as much as possible of its environment into itself... When we compare the (present) human population of the globe with... that of former times, we see that "chemical imperialism" has been... the main end to which human intelligence has been devoted.

Bertrand Russell, An Outline of Philosophy, Meridian Books, Cleveland and New York, 1960, pp 31-32. (1) Newer edition available from Amazon.com

Russell, Bertrand, Arthur, William
Almost everything that distinguishes the modern world from earlier centuries is attibutable to science, which achieved its most spectacular triumphs in the seventeenth century.

Bertrand Russell, History of Western Philosophy, Allen and Unwin, London, 1979, p 512. (6) Available from Amazon.com

Snow, C(harles) P(ercy)
(1905-1980) b. Leicester, England
...Einstein, twenty-six years old, only three years away from crude privation, still a patent examiner, published in the Annalen der Physik in 1905 five papers on entirely different subjects. Three of them were among the greatest in the history of physics. One, very simple, gave the quantum explanation of the photoelectric effect--it was this work for which, sixteen years later he was awarded the Nobel prize. Another dealt with the phenomenon of Brownian motion, the apparently erratic movement of tiny particles suspended in a liquid: Einstein showed that these movements satisfied a clear statistical law. This was like a conjuring trick, easy when explained: before it, decent scientists could still doubt the concrete existence of atoms and molecules: this paper was as near direct proof of their concreteness as a theoretician could give. The third paper was the special theory of relativity, which quietly amalgamated space, time and matter into one fundamental unity.

This last paper contains no references and quotes no authority. All of them are written in a style unlike any other theoretical physicist's. They contain very little mathematics. There is a good deal of verbal commentary. The conclusions, the bizarre conclusions, emerge as though with the greatest of ease: the reasoning is unbreakable. It looks as though he had reached the conclusions by pure thought, unaided, without listening to the opinions of others. To a surprisingly large extent, that is precisely what he had done.

It is pretty safe to say that, so long as physics lasts, no one will again hack out three major breakthroughs in one year.

C.P. Snow, Variety of Men, Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, U.K. 1969, pp 85-86. (1) Available from Amazon.com

Szent-Györgyi, Albert
(1893-1984) b. Hungary
Basic research may seem very expensive. I am a well-paid scientist. My hourly wage is equal to that of a plumber, but sometimes my research remains barren of results for weeks, months or years and my conscience begins to bother me for wasting the taxpayer's money. But in reviewing my life's work, I have to think that the expense was not wasted. Basic research, to which we owe everything, is relatively very cheap when compared with other outlays of modern society. The other day I made a rough calculation which led me to the conclusion that if one were to add up all the money ever spent by man on basic research, one would find it to be just about equal to the money spent by the Pentagon this past year.

Albert Szent-Györgyi, The Crazy Ape, Grosset and Dunlap, New York, 1971, p 72. (6) Available from Amazon.com

Szent-Györgyi, Albert
Our nervous system developed for one sole purpose, to maintain our lives and satisfy our needs. All our reflexes serve this purpose. this makes us utterly egotistic. With rare exceptions people are really interested in one thing only: themselves. Everybody, by necessity, is the center of his own universe.

When the human brain took its final shape, say, 100,000 years ago, problems and solutions must have been exceedingly simple. There were no long-range problems and man had to grab any immediate advantage. The world has changed but we are still willing to sell more distant vital interests for some minor immediate gains. Our military industrial complex, which endangers the future of mankind, to a great extent owes its stability to the fact that so may people depend on it for their living.

This holds true for all of us, including myself. When I received the Nobel Prize, the only big lump sum of money I have ever seen, I had to do something with it. The easiest way to drop this hot potato was to invest it, to buy shares. I knew World War II was coming and I was afraid that if I had shares which rise in case of war, I would wish for war. So I asked my agent to buy shares which go down in the event of war. This he did. I lost my money and saved my soul.

Albert Szent-Györgyi, The Crazy Ape, Grosset and Dunlap, New York, 1971, p 72. (6) Available from Amazon.com

Turing, Alan, Mathison
(1912-1954) b. London, England
(1943, New York: the Bell Labs Cafeteria) His high pitched voice already stood out above the general murmur of well-behaved junior executives grooming themselves for promotion within the Bell corporation. Then he was suddenly heard to say: "No, I'm not interested in developing a powerful brain. All I'm after is just a mediocre brain, something like the President of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company."

Andrew Hodges, Alan Turing the Enigma of Intelligence, Unwin Hyman, London, 1983, p 251. (1)

Twain, Mark (Clemens, Samuel, Langhorne)
(1835-1910) b. Florida, Missouri
Man is the Reasoning Animal. Such is the claim. I think it is open to dispute. Indeed, my experiments have proven to me that he is the Unreasoning Animal... In truth, man is incurably foolish. Simple things which other animals easily learn, he is incapable of learning. Among my experiments was this. In an hour I taught a cat and a dog to be friends. I put them in a cage. In another hour I taught them to be friends with a rabbit. In the course of two days I was able to add a fox, a goose, a squirrel and some doves. Finally a monkey. They lived together in peace; even affectionately.

Next, in another cage I confined an Irish Catholic from Tipperary, and as soon as he seemed tame I added a Scotch Presbyterian from Aberdeen. Next a Turk from Constantinople; a Greek Christian from Crete; an Armenian; a Methodist from the wilds of Arkansas; a Buddhist from China; a Brahman from Benares. Finally, a Salvation Army Colonel from Wapping. Then I stayed away for two whole days. When I came back to note results, the cage of Higher Animals was all right, but in the other there was but a chaos of gory odds and ends of turbans and fezzes and plaids and bones and flesh--not a specimen left alive. These Reasoning Animals had disagreed on a theological detail and carried the matter to a Higher Court.

Mark Twain, Letters from the Earth, A Fawcett Crest Book, Greenwich, Conn., 1962, pp 180-181. (1) Available from Amazon.com

Watson, Thomas (Founder of IBM)
I think there's a world market for about five computers.

Quoted by Charles Hard Townes In Martin Moskovits (Ed.), Science and Society, the John C. Polanyi Nobel Lareates Lectures, Anansi Press, Concord, Ontario, 1995, p 8. (1) Available from Amazon.com

Woolley, Richard (U.K. Astronomer Royal)
(In 1956, one year before Sputnik)
Space travel is utter bilge.

Quoted by Charles Hard Townes In Martin Moskovits (Ed.), Science and Society, the John C. Polanyi Nobel Lareates Lectures, Anansi Press, Concord, Ontario, 1995, p 8. (1) Available from Amazon.com


 

List of Contributors

The number in parenthesis following a quotation identifies the contributor in the following numbered list.

(1) The Editor

(2) James K. Love (jklove@compassnet.com) and William D. Ross (billross@deepcove.com)

(3) Bruce Miller (Bruce.Miller@hq.gte.com)

(4) Cited by Neil Postman in The End of Education, Alfred Knopf, NY, 1995, p 10.

(5) Dr. John Hetherington, Department of Psychology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901-6502, USA, "sawtooth@siu.edu."

(6) Cited by Thomas Hager in Force of Nature, Simon and Schuster, New York, 1995.

(7) Cited by Peter Coveney and Roger Highfield in The Arrow of Time, Flamingo, London 1991

Compiled and edited by Alfred Burdett

Return to top

 

Arquímedes (California 235 bc) b. Syracuse
Acerca de palancas
Déme un lugar para estar de pie, y moveré la Tierra.

Asimov, Isaac
(1920-1992) B. Petrovichi, Rusia.
( Con referencia a un correspondiente)
El especialista jóven en inglés Alumbrado(encendido)... Sermoneado mí con severidad sobre el hecho que en cada gente del siglo han pensado ellos entendieron el Universo por fin, y en cada siglo ellos han sido demostrados para equivocarse. Se sigue que una cosa podemos decir sobre nuestro "conocimiento" moderno consiste en que esto se equivoca.

... Mi respuesta a él era, "... Cuando la gente pensó que la Tierra era plana, ellos se equivocaron. Cuando la gente pensó que la Tierra era esférica ellos se equivocaron. Pero si Ud piensa que el pensamiento de la Tierra es esférico es tan incorrecto como el pensamiento de la Tierra es plano, entonces su vista(opinión) es wronger que ambos reunidos. "

Isaac Asimov, la Relatividad de los Incorrectos, Kensington Libros, Nueva York, 1996, p 226. (1) Disponible de Amazon.com

Asimov, Isaac
(1920-1992) B. Petrovichi, Rusia.
En de dos diezmos la velocidad de luz, el polvo y átomos no podría hacer el dańo significativo hasta en un viaje de 40 ańos, pero más más rápido Ud va, más es - el espacio comienza a hacerse abrasivo. Cuando Ud comienza a acercarse a la velocidad de luz, átomos de hidrógeno partículas de rayo cósmico hechas, y ellos freirán el equipo.... Entonces 60,000 kilómetros por segundo pueden ser el límite de velocidad práctico para viajes espaciales.

ˇIsaac Asimov, Vaya en barco Sobre! ˇVela Sobre! En la Relatividad de los Incorrectos, Kensington Libros, Nueva York, 1996, p 220. (1) Disponible de Amazon.com


Tocino, Francisca
(1561-1626) B. Londres, Inglaterra
Ya que ello es estimado una especie de deshonra al estudio para descender a la pregunta o la meditación sobre asuntos mecánicos, excepto ellos ser como pueden ser los secretos de pensamiento, rarezas, y sutilezas especiales, el que el humor de arrogancy vano arrogante justamente es ridiculizado en Platón... Pero la verdad es, ellos no ser los casos altos que dan la información más segura; como bien puede ser expresado en el cuento... Del filósofo, que mientras él miró fijamente hacia arriba a las estrellas feroces en el agua; ya que si él había mirado abajo él podría haber visto las estrellas en el agua, pero mirando en alto él no podía ver el agua en las estrellas. Tan ello cometh a menudo para pasar, que cosas tacańas y pequeńas descubren grande, mejor que grande puede descubrir el pequeńo.

Francisca Bacon, el Avance de Estudio, J.M. Abolladura e Hijo, Londres, Inglaterra, 1973, pp 71-72. (1) edición Más nueva disponible de Amazon.com

Bacon, Francisca
Los hombres de experimento son como la hormiga, ellos sólo se reunen y el empleo; el reasoners se parece a arańas, quien hacen telarańas de su propia sustancia. Pero la abeja toma el curso medio: esto junta su material de las flores del jardín y el campo, pero transforma y resúmenes ello por un poder de su propio. No a diferencia de esto es el verdadero negocio de filosofía (la ciencia); para ello ni confía únicamente o principalemente sobre los poderes de la mente, tampoco esto toma la materia(asunto) la que esto se junta de la historia natural y experimentos mecánicos y guardar en el todo de memoria, como esto lo encuentra, pero lo pone encima de en el entendimiento cambiado y disgested. Por lo tanto, de una liga cercana y pura entre estas dos facultades, el experimental y el racional (como nunca ha sido hecho), mucho puede ser esperado.

Francisca Bacon, Novum Organum, Prensa de Artes Liberal, sociedad anónima., Nueva York, p 93. (5) Disponible de Amazon.com

Bierce, Ambrosio
ż(1842-? 1914) b. Meggs Compańía, Ohio
Un inventor es una persona quien hace un arreglo ingenioso de ruedas, palancas y salta, y lo cree la civilización.

Ambrosio Bierce, el Diccionario del Diablo, Dover Publicaciones, NUEVA YORK, 1958, p 70. (3) Disponible de Amazon.com

Binet, Alfred
(1857-1911) B. Francia
Por su escala de inteligencia
La escala, correctamente la oratoria, no permite a la medida de la inteligencia, porque calidades intelectuales no son superposable, y por lo tanto no pueden ser medidas como superficies lineares son medidas.

Cotizado(citado) en Stephen Jay Gould, el Mismeasure de Hombre, W.W. Norton y Compańía, Ltd, NUEVA YORK, 1996, p 181. (1) Disponible de Amazon.com

Boltzman, Ludwig
(1844-1906) B Viena, Austria
Las cosas más ordinarias son a la filosofía una fuente de rompecabezas insolubles. Con el ingenio infinito esto construye un concepto de espacio o el tiempo y luego lo encuentra absolutamente imposible que allí ser objetos en este espacio o que los procesos ocurren durante este tiempo... La fuente de esta clase de lógica miente(está) en la confianza excesiva en las leyes supuestas de pensamiento.

 

Ludwig Boltzmann. Populaere Schriften Ensayo 19, Ludwig Boltzmann, Física Teórica y Problemas Filosóficos, B. McGuinness (editor Reidel), Dordrecht, 1974, p 64. (7)

Boltzman, Ludwig
Para ir directamente a la profundidad deepest, fui para Hegel; ˇqué el flujo confuso irreflexivo de palabras yo debía encontrar allí! Mi estrella desafortunada me condujo de Hegel a Schopenhauer... Hasta en Kant había muchas cosas las que yo podría agarrar(comprender) así poco que dado su acuidad general de mente casi sospeché que él tiraba la pierna del lector o era hasta impostor.

D. Flamm. Tachón. Hist. Phil. Sci. 14: 257 (1983). (7)

Curie, Marie
(1867-1934) B. Varsovia, Polonia (née María Sklodowska)
La humanidad necesita a hombres prácticos, quien se hacen los más de su trabajo, y, sin olvidar al general bueno, salvaguardan sus propios intereses. Pero la humanidad también necesita a sońadores, para quien el desarrollo desinteresado de una empresa es tan encantador que esto se hace imposible para ellos para dedicar su cuidado a su propio beneficio material.

Sin la duda, estos sońadores no merecen de riqueza, porque ellos no lo desean. Aún así, una sociedad bien organizada debería asegurar a tales trabajadores el medio eficiente de lograr su tarea, en una vida liberada del cuidado material y libremente consagrado para investigar.

Víspera Curie (traducido por Vincent Sheean), Seńora Curie, libros De bolsillo, Simon y Schuster, Nueva York, 1946, pp 352-253. (7) edición Más nueva disponible de Amazon.com

Churchill, Winston, Spencer
(1874-1965) B. Malborough, Inglaterra
Unos mis primos quien tenían la gran ventaja de educación de Universidad usada para embromarme con argumentos para demostrar que nada tiene cualquier existencia excepto que nosotros piensan en ello.... Los que divertirás la acrobacia mental son buenos para jugar con. Ellos son perfectamente inofensivos y perfectamente inútiles.... Yo siempre descansaba sobre el argumento siguiente... Respetamos el cielo y vemos el sol. Nuestros ojos son deslumbrados y nuestros sentidos registran el hecho. Así hay este gran sol que está de pie al parecer sobre ninguna mejor fundación que nuestros sentidos físicos. Pero felizmente hay un método, apart totalmente de nuestros sentidos físicos, de probar la realidad del sol. Es por matemáticas. Mediante los procesos prolongados de matemáticas, completamente se separan de los sentidos, los astrónomos son capaces de contar cuando un eclipse ocurrirá. Ellos predicen por la razón pura que un punto negro pasará a través del sol sobre un cierto día. Ud va y mira, y su sentido de vista inmediatamente le dice que sus cálculos son justificados(vindicados). Así aquí Ud tiene la evidencia de los sentidos reforzados por la evidencia completamente separada de un proceso enorme independiente de razonamiento matemático. Hemos tomado lo que se llaman en la cartografía militar " un porte enfadado. "... Cuando mis amigos metafísicos me dicen que los datos sobre el cual los astrónomos hicieron sus cálculos, necesariamente ha sido obtenidos al principio por la evidencia de los sentidos, digo, "No". Ellos, en la teoría por lo menos , podrían ser obtenidos por calculadoras automáticas puestas en movimiento por la luz que se cae sobre ellos sin la adición de los sentidos humanos en cualquier etapa. Cuando esto es persistido que deber decirnos sobre los cálculos y el empleo nuestros oídos para aquel objetivo, contesto que el proceso matemático tiene una realidad y la virtud en sí mismo, y que una vez descubrió esto constituye un factor nuevo e independiente. Estoy también en este punto acostumbrado para reafirmar con el énfasis mi convicción que el sol es verdadero, y también que esto es caliente - de hecho caliente como el Infierno, y que si el metaphysicians duda de ello ellos deberían ir allí y ver.

Winston S. Churchill, Mi Temprana Vida, Fontana, Londres, 1972, pp 123-124. (1) edición Más nueva disponible de Amazon.com

Churchill, Winston S.
... El hombre de vez en cuando tropezará con la verdad, pero por lo general logra recogerse, atropellar o alrededor de ello, y continuar.

Cotizado(citado) en: Irving Klotz, Doblando percepción, una revisión de libro, Naturaleza, 1996, Volumen 379, p 412 (1).

Calambre, Francisca
(1916-) B. Northampton, Inglaterra
Cuando la guerra finalmente vino a un final, yo era perplejo en cuanto a que hacer... Examiné mis calificaciones. Un grado no-muy-bueno, redimido algo por mis logros en el Almirantazgo. Un conocimiento de las ciertas partes restringidas de magnetismo y la hidrodinámica, ningún de ellos sujieta para el que sentí la mayor parte bit de entusiasmo. Ningunos papeles(periódicos) publicados en absoluto... Sólo gradualmente realizo(comprendo) que esta carencia de calificación podría ser una ventaja. Al tiempo la mayor parte científicos han alcanzado la edad treinta ellos son atrapados por su propia maestría. Ellos han invertido tanto esfuerzo en un campo particular que esto está a menudo sumamente difícil, en entonces en sus carreras, hacer un cambio radical. Yo, de otra parte, no sabía nada, excepto una educación(entrenamiento) básica en la física algo pasada de moda y matemáticas y una capacidad de girar mi mano a cosas nuevas... Ya que yo esencialmente no sabía nada, yo tenía una opción casi completamente libre(gratis)...

Francisca Crick, Que Búsqueda Loca, Libros Básicos, Nueva York, 1988, pp 15-16. (1) Disponible de Amazon.com

Cuppy, Van a
1884-1949
Algunos pescados de extinguido, pero Arenques continúan siempre. Los arenques desuevan en cualquier momento y sitios y nada los inducirá a cambiar sus caminos(maneras). Ellos no tienen ningún pescado el control. Los arenques se congregan en escuelas, donde ellos no aprenden nada en absoluto. Ellos se mueven en números enormes en Mayo y octubre. Los arenques subsisten sobre Copepods y Copepods subsiste sobre Diatoms y Diatoms solamente(justo) pone a flote alrededor y se reproduce. Arenques Jóvenes o Sperling o Whitebait son bastante lindos. Ellos tienen abdómenes serrados. El cráneo de Islandia Común o Coney el Arenque es triangular, pero él sería absolutamente igual de todos modos. (El sistema nervioso del Arenque es limpiamente simple. Cuando el Arenque entra corriendo en algo que el estímulo es dirigido al forebrain, con o sin resultados.)

Va a Cuppy, Como Extinguirse, Universidad de Chicago Prensa, Chicago, 1984, p. 13. (1) Disponible de Amazon.com

Darwin, Carlos
Para suponer esto el ojo con todas sus invenciones inimitables para ajustar el foco a distancias diferentes, para la admisión de diferente asciende de luz, y para la corrección de aberración esférica y cromática, podría haber sido formado por la selección natural, parece, confieso, absurdo en el grado alto.

Carlos Darwin, el Origen de Especie, Juan Murray, Londres, 1859. (1) edición Más nueva disponible de Amazon.com

Davy, Seńor Humphrey
Nada tiende tanto como al avance de conocimiento que el uso de un instrumento nuevo. Los poderes natales intelectuales de hombres en veces diferentes no son tanto las causas del éxito diferente de sus trabajos, como la naturaleza peculiar del medio y recursos artificiales en su posesión.

Thomas Hager, Fuerza de Naturaleza, Simon ans Schuster, Nueva York, 1995, p 86. (1) Disponible de Amazon.com

Pato, Frank
(1930-) B. Chicago, Illinois
" Sé perfectamente bien que en este momento el universo entero nos escucha, " escribió Jean Giraudoux en la Loca de Chaillot, " y que cada palabra decimos ecos a la estrella remota. " Aquella paranoia poética es una descripción perfecta de que el Sol, como una lente gravitacional, podría hacer para la Búsqueda para la Inteligencia Extraterrestre.

żFrank Drake y Dava Sobel, Están Alguien Ahí? Industria editorial de Valle pequeńo, Nueva York, 1994, p.232. (1) Disponible de Amazon.com

Dyson, Ciudadano de honor
( Sobre el anthropogenic aumentan en la concentración de dióxido atmosférica de carbón)
El hecho esencial que surge... Son esto los tres depósitos más pequeńos y más activos (de carbón en el ciclo global de carbón), la atmósfera, las plantas y el suelo, son todos aproximadamente el mismo tamańo. Esto significa(piensa) esto la perturbación grande humana de alguien de estos depósitos tendrá efectos grandes sobre todos tres. No podemos esperar o sea entender o sea manejar el carbón en la atmósfera a no ser que nosotros entendamos y manejemos los árboles y el suelo también.

 

Ciudadano de honor Dyson, de Eros a Gaia, Libros de Pingüino, Londres, Nueva York, 1993, pp 132-133. Edición más nueva disponible de Amazon.com

Dyson, Ciudadano de honor
Las tecnologías que han tenido los efectos más profundos sobre la vida humana son por lo general simples. Un ejemplo bueno de una tecnología simple con consecuencias profundas históricas es el heno. Nadie sabe quien inventó el heno, la idea de hierba cortante en otońo y el almacenaje de ello en cantidades bastante grandes para guardar(mantener) caballos y vacas vivas por el invierno. Todo el que sabemos es que la tecnología de heno era desconocida al Imperio Romano, pero supo a cada pueblo de Europa medieval. Como muchas otras tecnologías crucialmente importantes, heno surgió de manera anónima durante la edad del oscurantismo(Alta Edad Media) supuesta. Según la Teoría de Heno de Historia, la invención de heno era el acontecimiento decisivo que movió el centro de gravedad de civilización urbana del bańo mediterráneo a Europa del Norte y Occidental. El Imperio Romano no necesitó de heno porque en un clima mediterráneo la hierba crece bien bastante en invierno para animales para pastar(rozar). Al norte de Alpes, el gran dependiente de ciudades sobre caballos y bueyes para el poder de motivo no podía existir sin el heno. Entonces esto era el heno que poblaciones permitidas para crecer y civilizaciones para prosperar entre los bosques de Europa del Norte. El heno movió la grandeza de Roma a París y Londres, y más tarde a Berlín y Moscú y Nueva York.

Infinito de Ciudadano de honor Dyson en Todas las Direcciones, Harper y Fila, Nueva York, 1988, p 135. Disponible de Amazon.com

Eddington, Seńor Arthur
(1882-1944) B. Inglaterra
Para la verdad de las conclusiones de ciencia física, la observación es el tribunal de casación. Esto no sigue esto cada artículo el que con seguridad aceptamos como el conocimiento físico en realidad ha sido certificado por el Tribunal; nuestra confianza es que esto sería certificado por el Tribunal si esto fuera sometido. Pero esto sigue esto cada artículo de conocimiento físico es de una forma que podría ser sometida al Tribunal. Debe ser tal que podemos especificar (aunque pueda ser impracticable realizar) un procedimiento de observación que decidiría si esto es verdadero o no. Claramente una declaración no puede ser probada por la observación a no ser que esto sea una aserción sobre los resultados de observación. Cada artículo de conocimiento físico por lo tanto debe ser una aserción de que ha sido o sería el resultado de realizar un procedimiento especificado de observación.

Seńor Arthur Eddington, la Filosofía de Ciencia Física, Ana Arbor(anuncio Arbor) Libros en rústica, la Universidad de Michigan Prensa, 1958, pp 9-10. Disponible de Amazon.com

Eddington, Seńor Arthur
(1882-1944) B. Inglaterra
Déjenos suponer esto un ictiólogo explora la vida del océano. Él echa una red en el agua y criar un surtido a pescado. Inspeccionando su para coger, él se pone a en la manera habitual de un científico a sistematizar lo que esto revela. Él llega dos generalisations:
(1) Ninguna criatura de mar es menos de dos pulgadas de largo.
(2) Todas las criaturas de mar tienen agallas.
Estos son, y verdaderos de su para coger, y él asume provisionalmente que ellos permanecerán verdaderos sin embargo a menudo que él lo repite.

En la aplicación de esta analogía, el coger significa(aguanta,apoya) el cuerpo de conocimiento que constituye la ciencia física, y la red para el equipo sensorial e intelectual el que usamos en la obtención de ello. El bastidor de la red se corresponde a la observación; para el conocimiento que no ha sido o no podían ser obtenido por la observación no es admitido en la ciencia física.

Un espectador puede oponerse que primer generalisation se equivoque. " Hay muchas criaturas de mar bajo dos pulgadas de largo, sólo su red no es adaptada para cogerlos. " El icthyologist despide esta objeción con desprecio. " Todo incapturable por mi red es ipso facto fuera el alcance de conocimiento icthyological. En breve " que mi red no puede coger no es el pescado. " O - para traducir la analogía - " Si Ud simplemente no adivina, Ud reclama un conocimiento del universo físico descubierto de algún otro modo que por los métodos de ciencia física, y reconocidamente incomprobable por tales métodos. Ud es un metaphysician. ˇBah! "

Seńor Arthur Eddington, la Filosofía de Ciencia Física, Ana Arbor(anuncio Arbor) Libros en rústica, la Universidad de Michigan Prensa, 1958, p 16. Disponible de Amazon.com

Einstein, Albert
(1879-1955) B. Alemania
( A un estudiante)
Querido seńorita---
He leído aproximadamente dieciséis páginas de su manuscrito... Sufrí exactamente el mismo tratamiento en las manos de mis profesores quien me tuvieron aversión a mi independencia y pasaron por alto mí cuando ellos quisieron a ayudantes... Guarde(mantenga) su manuscrito para sus hijos e hijas, para que ellos puedan sacar el consuelo de ello y no dar un maldito para lo que sus profesores les dicen o piensan en ellos.... Hay demasiada educación totalmente.

Albert Einstein, el Mundo como Veo Ello, la Biblioteca de Sabiduría, Nueva York, 1949, pp 21-22. (1) edición Más nueva disponible de Amazon.com

Einstein, Albert
( Escrito en la vejez) nunca he pertenecido sin reservas a un país, un estado, ni a un círculo de amigos, ni hasta a mi propia familia.

Cuando yo era todavía un hombre bastante precoz jóven, ya realicé(comprendí) el más vistosamente la inutilidad de las esperanzas y aspiraciones las que la mayor parte hombres persiguen en todas partes de sus vidas.

El bienestar y la felicidad nunca me aparecieron como un objetivo absoluto. Hasta soy inclinado para comparar tales objetivos morales a las ambiciones de un cerdo.

Cotizado(citado) en C.P. Nieve, Variedad de Hombres, Libros de Pingüino, Harmondsworth, Reino Unido 1969, p 77. (1) Disponible de Amazon.com

Feynman, Richard P.
(1918-1988) B. Lejos Rockaway, Nueva York
Que voy a contar Ud sobre es lo que enseńamos a nuestros estudiantes de física en tercer o cuarto ańo de escuela de graduado... Esto es mi tarea de convencerle para no no dar vuelta lejos porque Ud no lo entiende. Ud ve a mis estudiantes de física no entenderlo... Esto es porque no lo entiendo. Nadie hace.

Richard P. Feynman, QED, la Teoría Extrańa de Luz y Materia(asunto), Libros de Pingüino, Londres, 1990, p 9. (1) edición Diferente disponible de Amazon.com

Frisch, Max
(1911-) B. Suiza
La tecnología es la destreza de tan para arreglar el mundo que no lo experimentamos.

 

Rollo Puede, el Grito para Mito, Norton, Nueva York, p 57. (4) Disponible de Amazon.com

Gell - Mann, Murray
En 1963, cuando asigné el nombre "quark" a los componentes fundamentales del nucleon, yo tenía el sonido primero, sin la ortografía, que podría haber sido "kwork". Entonces, en una de mis lecturas ocasionales de Estela de Finnegans, por James Joyce, encontré por casualidad la palabra "quark" en la frase " Tres quarks para la Seńal de Asamblea. " Desde "quark" (el significado, en primer lugar, el grito de una gaviota) claramente ha sido querido a la rima con " la Seńal, " así como "la corteza" y otras tales palabras, tuve que encontrar una excusa pronunciándolo como " kwork. " Pero el libro representa los sueńos de un patrón de un pub Humphrey Chimpden Earwicker llamado. Las palabras en el texto típicamente son dibujadas de varias fuentes inmediatamente, como " las palabras de maleta " en Por el Espejo. De vez en cuando, las frases ocurren en el libro que parcialmente es determinado por pide bebidas en la barra. Discutí, por lo tanto, esto quizás una de las fuentes múltiples del grito " Tres quarks para la Seńal de Asamblea " podría ser " Tres cuartos de galón para la Seńal de Seńor, " en el caso de que la pronunciación "kwork" no sería totalmente injustificada. En cualquier caso, el número tres empotrado perfectamente el camino(manera) quarks ocurre en la naturaleza.

Murray Gell-Mann Gell-Mann Gell-Mann, el Quark y el Jaguar, W.H. Ciudadano de honor, Nueva York, 1994, pp 180-181. (1)

Halconería, Stephen W.
(1942-) B. Oxford, Inglaterra
Aunque hay sólo una teoría posible unificada, esto es solamente(justo) un juego de reglas y ecuaciones. żQué es ello que respira el fuego en las ecuaciones y hace un universo para ellos describir? El acercamiento habitual de ciencia de construir un modelo matemático no puede contestar las preguntas de por qué debería haber un universo para el modelo para describir. żPor qué el universo va a toda la molestia de existencia?

Stephen W. Halconería, una Historia Breve de Tiempo: del Golpe Grande a Agujeros Negros, Bantam, NUEVA YORK, 1988, p 174. Disponible de Amazon.com

Halconería, Stephen W.
Hay las tierras(razones) para el optimismo cauteloso que ahora podemos estar cerca del final ofthe buscan las leyes últimas de naturaleza.

Stephen W. Halconería, una Historia Breve de Tiempo: del Golpe Grande a Agujeros Negros, Bantam, NUEVA YORK, 1988, p 157. Disponible de Amazon.com

Ingram, Arrendajo W.
Una vez leí esto si los pliegues en la corteza cerebral fueran allanados esto cubriría una mesa de juego. Esto parecido bastante increíble pero esto me hizo preguntarse solamente(justo) como grande la corteza sería si Ud lo planchara de. Pensé esto más o menos podría cubrir una pizza clasificada de familia: no mal, pero ninguna mesa de juego. He sido asombrado para realizar(comprender) que nadie parece saber la respuesta. Una búsqueda rápida cedió las estimaciones siguientes para las dimensiones allanadas de la corteza cerebral del cerebro humano.

Un artículo en Bioscience en noviembre 1987 por la Ana Miller(anuncio Miller) de Julia demandó que la corteza era " un cuadrado(plaza) de metro cuarto. " Esto es clasificado de servilleta, aproximadamente diez pulgadas por diez pulgadas. Revista científica Americana en septiembre 1992 upped la apuesta inicial bastante con un estimado de 1 metros de cuadrado(plaza) de 1/2; thats un cuadrado(plaza) de cerebro cuarenta pulgadas sobre cada lado, poniendo cerca de la estimación de mesa de juego. Un psicólogo en la Universidad de Toronto calculó esto cubriría el piso de su sala de estar (no he visto su sala de estar), pero el premio ganando la estimación hasta ahora es de la revista Británica el cartel del Científico Nuevo del cerebro publicado en 1993 que demandó que la corteza cerebral, si aplanado de, cubriría una pista de tenis. żCómo allí puede estar tal desacuerdo? żCómo puede tantos expertos no saben como grande la corteza es? No sé, pero estoy sobre la caza para un experto quien dirá la corteza, cuando totalmente extender, cubrirá un campo de fútbol. Un campo de fútbol canadiense.

Arrendajo Ingram, la Casa que se Quema, Ab los Misterios de los Libros de Pingüino Cerebrales, Harmondsworth, Reino Unido, 1995 p 11.

Juan Paul II, Papa (Karol Wojtyla)
(1920-) B. Wadowice, Polonia
La ciencia puede purificar la religión del error y la superstición. La religión puede purificar la ciencia de la idolatría y absolutos falsos.

James Reston, Galileo, una Vida, HarperCollins, NUEVA YORK, 1994, p 461. (1) Disponible de Amazon.com

Johnson, Jorge
El laboratorio de armas de Los Alamos está de pie como un recordatorio que nuestro muy poder como buscadores de modelo puede trabajar contra nosotros, que es posible distinguir enought de la orden(pedido) subyacente del universo de dar un toque la energía tan poderoso que esto puede destruir a sus descubridores o despacio envenenarlos con su basura(gasto).

Jorge Johnson Enciende(despide) en la Mente, Libros Ańejos, Nueva York, 1996, p 326. (1) Disponible de Amazon.com

Johnson, Samuel, Doctor.
(1709-1784) B. Lichfield, Inglaterra
Los tragos seguramente duermen todos el invierno. Unos ellos conglobulate juntos, por volando alrededor y alrededor, y luego todos en un tiro de montón ellos mismo bajo agua, y lejía en la cama de un río.

James Boswell la Vida de Samuel Johnson, LL.D., 3r Edn., Malone, Londres, 1799 (Abreviado Edn., la Biblioteca Nueva Americana, NUEVA YORK, 1968, p 192.) Disponible de Amazon.com


Kauffman, Estuardo
La vida surgió, sugiero, no el , pero complejo simple y el todo, y ha permanecido complejo y entero desde entonces - no debido a un misterioso élan vital, pero agradece a la transformación simple, profunda de moléculas muertas en una organización por la que la formación de cada molécula es catalizada por alguna otra molécula en la organización. El secreto de vida, el wellspring de reproducción, no debe ser encontrado en la belleza de apareamiento de Watson-calambre, pero en el logro de cierre colectivo catalítico. Tan, en otro sentido, complejo vida, el todo, inesperado-es(-está) simple después de todo, una consecuencia natural del mundo en el que vivimos.

Estuardo Kauffman En casa en el Universo, Prensa de Universidad de Oxford, 1995, pp 47-48. Disponible de Amazon.com

Kauffman, Estuardo
Si los biólogos han hecho caso a la auto-organización, no es porque el auto-ordenamiento no es penetrante y profundo. Es porque los biólogos que tienen entender como pensar en sistemas gobernados simultáneamente por dos fuentes de orden(pedido), Aún viendo el copo de nieve, viendo el molde de moléculas de lípido simple a la deriva en el agua que se forma en vesículas de lípido parecidas a una célula huecos, viendo el potencial para la cristalización de vida en los enjambres de moléculas que reaccionan, viendo la orden(pedido) aturdidora gratis en redes que unen decenas sobre las decenas de miles de variables, podemos no lograr entretener un pensamiento central: si alguna vez debemos lograr una teoría final en la biología, seguramente, vamos a para tienen que entender la mezcla de auto-organización y la selección. Tendremos que ver que somos las expresiones naturales de una orden(pedido) más honda. En última instancia, descubriremos en nuestro mito de creación que nos esperan después de todo.

Estuardo Kauffman En casa en el Universo, Prensa de Universidad de Oxford, 1995, p 112. Disponible de Amazon.com

Kauffman, Estuardo

Recoja una pińa y cuente las filas espirales de balanza(escalas). Ud puede encontrar ocho espirales la terminación a la izquierda y 13 espirales la terminación a la derecha, o 13 izquierdo y 21 espirales derechas, u otros pares de números. El hecho asombroso es que estos pares de números son números adyacentes en la serie famosa Fibonacci: 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21... Aquí, cada término es la suma de anteriores dos términos(condiciones). El fenómeno es conocido y llamó phyllotaxis. Mucho son los esfuerzos de biólogos para entender por qué las pińas, girasoles, y muchas otras plantas exponen este modelo notable. Los organismos las cosas más extrańas, pero todas estas cosas impares no necesitan(tienen que) reflejar la selección o el accidente histórico. Unos esfuerzos de lo mejor de entender phyllotaxis apelan a una forma de auto-organización. Paul Green, en Stanford, ha discutido persuasivamente que la serie Fibonacci es solamente(justo) que uno esperaría como el modelo de auto-repetir simple que puede ser generado por los procesos de crecimiento particulares en las puntas(consejos) crecientes de los tejidos lo que forman girasoles, pińas, etcétera, etcétera. Como un copo de nieve y su simetría séxtupla, la pińa y su phyllotaxis pueden ser la parte de orden(pedido) gratis

Estuardo Kauffman En casa en el Universo, Prensa de Universidad de Oxford, 1995, p 151. (1) Disponible de Amazon.com

Kaku, Michio
Esto a menudo es declarado las de todas teorías propuestas en este siglo, el tonto son la teoría cuántica. De hecho, unos dicen que la única cosa que la teoría cuántica tiene yendo para ello consiste en que esto es incuestionablemente correcto.

Michio Kaku Hiperespacio, Prensa de Universidad de Oxford, 1995, p 263. (1) Disponible de Amazon.com

Kaku, Michio
Hay muchos ejemplos de teorías viejas, incorrectas lo que tercamente persistieron, sostenidas sólo por el prestigio de científicos tontos pero bien unidos.... Muchas estas teorías han sido matadas sólo cuando algún experimento decisivo expuso su incorrección... Así el trabajo de yeoman en cualquier ciencia, y sobre todo la física, es hecho por el experimentalist, quien debe guardar(mantener) a los teóricos honestos.

Michio Kaku Hiperespacio, Prensa de Universidad de Oxford, 1995, p 263. (1) Disponible de Amazon.com

Kealey, Terence
Hay un mito central sobre la ciencia Británica y el crecimiento económico, y esto va como esto: la riqueza de clases de ciencia, Gran Bretańa está en la disminución económica, por lo tanto Gran Bretańa no ha hecho bastante ciencia. En realidad, es fácil mostrar que una causa clave de disminución Británica económica ha sido que el gobierno ha financiado demasiada ciencia...

La política de ciencia Británica de la posguerra ilustra la locura de dinero gastador sobre la investigación. El gobierno decidió, como esto inspeccionó las ruinas de Europa rasgada por guerra en 1945, que el futuro pone en computadoras, la potencia nuclear y el avión de motor, tan administraciones sucesivas el dinero vertido en estos proyectos - al éxito enorme técnico. La primera computadora de unidad central del mundo comercial era Británica, vendida por Ferrranti en 1951; el primer avión del mundo comercial de motor era Británico, el Cometa, en el servicio en 1952; la primera central nuclear era Británica, Calder el Pasillo, comisionado en 1956; y el del mundo primero y sólo el avión supersónico comercial de motor estaba Francés de angloamericano, Concorde, en el servicio en 1976.

Aún los que técnicos avanzan nos mutilaron económicamente, porque ellos eran tan incomerciales. La generación nuclear de electricidad, por ejemplo, había perdido 2.1 mil millones de libras a 1975 (2.1 mil millones de libras era muy entonces); la concordia nos había perdido, solo, 2.3 mil millones de libras a 1976; el Cometa se estrelló y América ahora domina computadoras. Tenían estas sumas enormes de dinero no sido gastado sobre la investigación, nosotros ahora seríamos un país considerablemente más rico.

Terence Kealey Gasto de Mil millones, el Camino(manera) Científico, el domingo Veces, el 13 de octubre de 1996. (1)

Keynes, Juan Maynard
La mentira de dificultad, no en las ideas nuevas, pero en la evitación de(escapatoria) de viejos, que ramifican, para los que criados como la mayor parte de nosotros ha estado, en cada esquina de nuestras mentes.

Cotizado(citado) en: K. Eric Drexler los Motores de Creación: la Era que Viene de Nanotechnology, Bantam, Nueva York, 1987, p 231. (1) Disponible de Amazon.com

Lewis, C.S.
(1898-1963) B. Irlanda
Hay lo cual une la ciencia mágica y aplicada separando ambos 'de la sabiduría' de ańos más tempranos. Para los hombres sabios de viejos el problema cardinal había sido como conformarse el alma a la realidad, y la solución había sido el conocimiento, la autodisciplina, y la virtud. Para la ciencia mágica y aplicada igualmente el problema es como someter la realidad a los deseos de hombres: la solución es una técnica; y ambos, en la práctica de esta técnica, están listos de hacer cosas hasta ahora consideradas como asqueroso e impío - como el desenterramiento y la mutilación a los muertos.

Si comparamos al trompetista principal de la era nueva (el Tocino) con Faustus de Marlowe, la semejanza es asombrosa. Ud leerá en algunos críticos que Faustus tiene una sed para el conocimiento. En realidad él apenas lo menciona. Esto no es la verdad la que él quiere de los diablos, pero el oro y caza y muchachas. En el mismo espíritu, el Tocino condena los que valoran el conocimiento como un final en sí mismo... El verdadero objeto es de ampliar el poder del Hombre con el funcionamiento de todas las cosas posibles. Él rechaza la magia porque esto no trabaja; pero su objetivo es el del mago...

Sin duda los que realmente fundaron la ciencia moderna eran por lo general los que el cuyo amor de verdad excedió su amor de poder; en cada movimiento surtido(mixto) la eficacia viene de los elementos buenos no del malo. Pero la presencia de los elementos malos en no no pertinente a la dirección la eficacia toma. Esto podría ir demasiado lejos a decir que el movimiento moderno científico ha sido corrompido de su nacimiento; pero pienso sería verdadero decir que esto nació en una vecindad malsana y en una hora desfavorable. Sus triunfos podrían estar demasiado rápidos y comprados en un precio demasiado alto: la reconsideración, y algo algo como el arrepentimiento, puede ser requerida.

Lewis, C.S. La Abolición de Hombre, Collins, Libro en rústica de Fuente, 1978, p. 46. (1) Disponible de Amazon.com

Leakey, Richard y Lewin Roger
Esto ha tomado a biólogos aproximadamente 230 ańos para identificar y describir tres cuartos de un millón de insectos; si hay de verdad al menos treinta millones, como Erwin (la Toalla Erwin, el Instituto de Smithsonian) estimaciones, entonces, trabajando como ellos tienen en el pasado, el insecto taxonomists tiene diez mil ańos de empleo delante de ellos. Ghilean la Cabriola, el director de los Jardines botánicos en Kew, estimaciones que una lista completa de plantas en las Américas ocupara taxonomists durante cuatro siglos, otra vez que trabajan en tarifas históricas.

Richard Leakey y Lewin Roger, 1995, la Sexta Extinción, Ancla, Nueva York, pp 122-123. Disponible de Amazon.com

Lippmann, Walter
Sin ofrecer cualesquiera datos sobre todo lo qué ocurre entre el concepto(concepción) y la edad de jardín de infancia, ellos anuncia sobre la base de lo que ellos tienen de mil cuestionarios que ellos miden la dotación hereditaria mental de seres humanos. Obviamente, esto no es una conclusión obtenida por la investigación. Esto es una conclusión plantada según la voluntad para creer. Es, pienso, principalmente inconscientemente plantado... Si la impresión echa raíces que estas pruebas realmente miden la inteligencia, que ellos constituyen una especie de juicio pasado sobre la capacidad del nińo, que ellos revelan "científicamente" su capacidad predestinada, entonces esto sería mil veces mejor si todos los probadores de inteligencia y todos sus cuestionarios fueran hundidos en Mar de los Sargazos.

En el curso de un debate con Lewis Terman: cotizado(citado) en Stephen Jay Gould, el Mismeasure de Hombre, W.W. Norton y Compańía, Ltd, NUEVA YORK, 1996, p 181. (1)

Lucretius
( 99 B c.-55 aC) b. Roma
( Sobre la temperatura de agua en pozos)
La razón por qué el agua en pozos se hace más fría en verano es que la tierra entonces es enrarecida por el calor, y libera en el aire todas las partículas calor esto pasa de tener. Tan, más de la tierra es agotado de calor, más frío se hace la humedad que es ocultada de la tierra(razón). De otra parte, cuando toda la tierra condensa y contrae y se coagula con el frío, entonces, desde luego, como esto se contrae, esto exprime nuestro en los pozos independemente del calor el que esto sostiene.

Lucretius En la naturaleza de cosas (de Nuevo ron Natura), Libros de Esfera, Londres, 1969, p. 233. (1) edición Más nueva disponible de Amazon.com

Mencken, H (enry) L (ouis)
(1880-1956) B. Baltimore, MD
El valor los juegos mundiales sobre motivos es a menudo extremamente injusto e inexacto. Considere, por ejemplo, dos de ellos: mera curiosidad insaciable y el deseo de hacer el bien. El éste es puesto alto encima el anterior, y aún es el anterior que mueve uno de los hombres más útiles la raza humana aún ha producido: el investigador científico. Que en realidad lo animan no es alguna idea brummagem de Servicio, pero una sed ilimitada, casi patológica para penetrar el desconocido, destapar el secreto, averiguar que no ha sido averiguado antes. Su prototipo no es el libertador que libera a esclavos, el buen Samaritano que levanta en lo alto del caído, pero un perro que huele tremendamente en una serie infinita de agujeros rata.

Mencken, H.L., Reimprimido en un Mencken Crestomathy, Libros Ańejos, Nueva York, 1982, p. 12, primero impreso en el Juego Simpático, agosto 1919, pp 60-61. (1)

Michelson, Albert, Abraham
(1852-1931) B. Alemania
( En 1903)
Las leyes más importantes fundamentales y los hechos de ciencia física han sido descubiertos todos, y estos ahora firmemente son tan establecidos que la posibilidad de su alguna vez ser(siendo,estando) complementado a consecuencia de descubrimientos nuevos es sumamente remota.

Cotizado(citado) por Peter Coveney y Roger Highfield en la Flecha de Tiempo, Flamenco, Londres 1991, p 67. Disponible de Amazon.com

Molino, Juan Estuardo
La tendencia siempre ha sido fuerte para creer que independemente de recibido un nombre debe ser una entidad o ser, teniendo(habiendo) una existencia independiente de su propio. Y si ninguna entidad verdadera que contesta al nombre podría ser encontrada, los hombres por eso no supusieron esto ninguno existió, pero se imaginó que era algo de forma rara oscuro y misterioso.

Cotizado(citado) en Stephen Jay Gould, el Mismeasure de Hombre, W.W. Norton y Compańía, Ltd, NUEVA YORK, 1996, p 181. (1)

 

Monod, Jacques
La biología ocupa una posición entre las ciencias inmediatamente marginales y centrales. Marginal porque - la constitución de mundo viva pero una parte diminuta "y muy especial" del universo - no parece probable que el estudio de criaturas vivas alguna vez destapará leyes generales el exterior aplicable la biosfera. Pero si el objetivo último de todo el ciencia es de verdad, como creo, clarificar la relación del hombre al universo, entonces la biología debe ser concedida una posición central...

Jacques Monod Posibilidad y Necesidad Alfred A. Knopf, Nueva York, 1971, p xi. (1) Disponible de Amazon.com

Newton, Isaac
(1642-1727) B. Woolsthorpe, Inglaterra
Si he visto más lejos que otros, es por estando de pie sobre los hombros de gigantes.

Sobre como él hizo descubrimientos
Por siempre pensando a ellos. Guardo(mantengo) el sujeto constantemente antes de mí y espero hasta el primer amanecer abierto poco a poco en la luz llena.

E.N. da C. Andrade, seńor Isaac Newton, Su Vida y Trabajo, Doubleday Ancla, Nueva York, 1950, p. 35. (1) edición Más nueva disponible de Amazon.com

Pasteur, Louis
(1822-1892) B. Dôle, Francia
La ciencia no sabe ningún país, porque el conocimiento pertenece a la humanidad, y es la antorcha que ilumina el mundo. La ciencia es la personificación alta de la nación porque aquella nación permanecerá el primera que lleva el lejano los trabajos de pensamiento y la inteligencia.

René Dubos, Pasteur y Ciencia Moderna, Doubleday, Ciudad de Jardín, NUEVA YORK, 1960, p. 145. (1) Disponible de Amazon.com

Posibilidad de favores la mente lista.

 

Cotizado(citado) en H. Vísperas Vuelta a Círculos Matemáticos, Prindle, Wever y Schmidt, Boston, 1988. (2) Disponible de Amazon.com

Pauling, Linus
(1901-1994) B. Portland, Oregon
Reconozco que muchos físicos son elegantes que soy - la mayor parte de ellos físicos teóricos. Mucha gente simpática ha entrado en la física teórica, por lo tanto el campo es sumamente competitivo. Me consuelo con el pensamiento que aunque ellos puedan ser elegantes y pueden ser a pensadores más hondos que soy, tengo intereses más amplios que ellos tienen.

Linus Pauling, el Significado de Vida, Corregida por David Friend y los redactores de Vida, Poco Marrón, Nueva York, 1990, p. 69. (6)

Polanyi, Juan C.
(1929-) B. Berlín, Alemania
( Acerca de la asignación de fondos de investigación) Esto es la locura para usar como de alguien guía en la selección de ciencia fundamental el criterio de utilidad. No porque (científicos)... Desprecie la utilidad. Pero porque... Resultados útiles son los mejores identificados después de la fabricación de descubrimientos, más bien que antes.

Juan C. Polanyi. Extracto del discurso programa a la Sociedad canadiense para el Instituto de Weizmann de Ciencia, Toronto el 2 de junio de 1996.

Polanyi, Juan C.
Afrontado con la dificultad admitida de manejar el proceso creativo, doblamos nuestros esfuerzos de hacer así. żEs esto porque la ciencia ha no logrado entregarnos, habiéndonos dado nada más de la potencia nuclear, la penicilina, viajes espaciales, la ingeniería genético, transistores, y superconductores? żO es ello porque los gobiernos por todas partes consideran como una actividades de reproche ellos con ventajas no pueden controlar? Ellos sintieron que el camino(manera) sobre el mercado para bienes, pero trillones en dólares gastados más tarde, ellos han venido para reconocer la eficacia de este sistema autorregulador. No tan, sin embargo, con el mercado para ideas.

Juan C. Polanyi En Martin Moskovits (Editor)., Ciencia y Sociedad, Juan C. Polanyi Nobel Lareates Conferencias, Anansi Prensa, Concordia, Ontario, 1995, p 8. (1) Disponible de Amazon.com

Cartero, Neil
Los educadores pueden traer sobre ellos el dolores innecesario por tomando una posición indiscreta e injustificable sobre la relación entre narrativas científicas y religiosas. Vemos esto, desde luego, en el conflicto acerca de la ciencia de creación. Algún representar de educadores, como ellos piensan, la conciencia de ciencia interpreta mucho como aquellos legisladores quien en 1925 prohibido por la ley la enseńanza de evolución en Tennessee. En aquel caso, anti-evolutionists eran temeroso que una idea científica minaría la creencia religiosa. Hoy, pro evolutionists son temeroso que una idea religiosa minará la creencia científica. El anterior tenían la confianza insuficiente en la religión; la última confianza insuficiente en ciencia. El punto es que ideas profundas pero contradictorias pueden existir al lado, si ellos son construídos de materiales diferentes y métodos y tienen objetivos diferentes. Cada uno nos dice algo importante sobre donde estamos de pie en el universo, y es tonto insistir que ellos desprecien el uno al otro.

Neil Postman, el Final de Educación, Alfred Knopf, Nueva York, 1995, p 107. (1) Disponible de Amazon.com

Postman, Neil
żż(19??-) b. Nueva York, EE. UU
" El método científico, " Thomas Henry Huxley una vez escribió, " es nada más que el funcionamiento normal de la mente humana. " Es decir , cuando la mente trabaja; es decir más lejos, cuando esto es contratado en corrrecting sus errores.

Tomando este punto de vista, podemos concluir que la ciencia no es la física, la biología, o la química - no es hasta "un sujeto" - pero un imperativo moral dibujado de una narrativa más grande el cuyo objetivo es de dar la perspectiva, el equilibrio, y la humildad al estudio.

Neil Postman, el Final de Educación, Alfred A. Knopf, Nueva York, 1995, p 68. Disponible de Amazon.com

Russell, Bertrand, Arthur, Guillermo
(1872-1970) B. Inglaterra
Cada ser vivo es una especie de imperialista, buscando transformar tanto como posible de su ambiente en se... Cuando comparamos la población (presente) humana del globo con... Las de veces anteriores, vemos que " el imperialismo químico " ha sido... El final principal a el que la inteligencia humana ha sido dedicada.

Bertrand Russell, un Contorno de Filosofía, Libros de Meridiano, Cleveland y Nueva York, 1960, pp 31-32. (1) edición Más nueva disponible de Amazon.com

Russell, Bertrand, Arthur, Guillermo
Casi todo qué distingue el mundo moderno de siglos más tempranos es attibutable a la ciencia, que alcanzó sus triunfos más espectaculares en decimoséptimo siglo.

Bertrand Russell, Historia de Filosofía Occidental, Allen e Intriunfo, Londres, 1979, p 512. (6) Disponible de Amazon.com

Nieve, C (harles) P (ercy)
(1905-1980) B. Leicester, Inglaterra
... Einstein, veinte seis ańos, sólo tres ańos lejos de privación ordinaria, todavía un examinador evidente, publicado en el Annalen der Physik en 1905 cinco papeles(periódicos) sobre sujetos completamente diferentes. Tres de ellos estaban entre el más grande en la historia de física. Un, muy simple, dieron la explicación cuántica del efecto fotoeléctrico - esto era este trabajo para el que, dieciséis ańos más tarde le concedieron el premio Nobel. Otro ocupado del fenómeno de movimiento de Brownian, el movimiento al parecer errático de partículas diminutas suspendidas en un líquido: Einstein mostró esto estos movimientos satisficieron una ley clara estadística. Esto era como un truco de magia, fácil cuando explicado: antes de que esto, científicos decentes todavía pudiera dudar de la existencia concreta de átomos y moléculas: este papel estaba como cerca de la prueba directa de su hormigón como un teórico podría dar. El tercer papel era la teoría especial de relatividad, que silenciosamente amalgamó el espacio, el tiempo y la materia(asunto) en una unidad fundamental.

Este papel pasado no contiene ningunas referencias y no cotiza(cita) ninguna autoridad. Todos ellos son escritos en un estilo a diferencia de cualquier otro físico teórico. Ellos contienen muy pocas matemáticas. Hay mucho comentario verbal. Las conclusiones, las conclusiones extrańas, surgen como si con el más grande de facilidad: el razonamiento es irrompible. Mira como si él había alcanzado las conclusiones por el pensamiento puro, habían inayudado, sin escuchar a las opiniones de otros. A un grado sorprendentemente grande, que es con precisión que él había hecho.

Esto es la bonita caja fuerte para decir que, mientras que la física dura, nadie otra vez cortará de tres brechas principales en un ańo.

C.P. Nieve, Variedad de Hombres, Libros de Pingüino, Harmondsworth, Reino Unido 1969, pp 85-86. (1) Disponible de Amazon.com

Szent - Gy ö rgyi, Albert
(1893-1984) B. Hungría
La investigación fundamental puede parecer muy cara. Soy un científico bien pagado. Mi salario por hora es igual a el de un fontanero, pero a veces mis restos de investigación estériles de resultados durante semanas, meses o ańos y mi conciencia comienzan a molestarme para gastar el dinero del contribuyente. Pero en el repasar del trabajo de mi vida, tengo que pensar que el costo no ha sido gastado. La investigación fundamental, a la que debemos todo, es relativamente muy barata cuando comparado con otras salidas de sociedad moderna. Otro día hice un cálculo áspero que me condujo a la conclusión que si uno debía sumar todo el dinero alguna vez gastado por el hombre sobre la investigación fundamental, uno lo encontraría siendo más o menos igual al dinero gastado por el Pentágono este ańo pasado.

Albert Szent-Gy Szent-Gy Szent-Gy ö rgyi, el Mono Loco, Grosset y Dunlap, Nueva York, 1971, p 72. (6) Disponible de Amazon.com

Szent-Gy Szent-Gy Szent-Gy ö rgyi, Albert
Nuestro sistema nervioso desarrollado para un objetivo exclusivo, para mantener nuestras vidas y satisface nuestras necesidades. Todos nuestros reflejos sirven este objetivo. Esto nos hace completamente egotista. Con la gente de excepciones rara están realmente interesado en una cosa sólo: ellos mismo. Cada uno, por necesidad, es el centro de su propio universo.

Cuando el cerebro humano tomó su forma final, digamos, hace 100,000 ańos, problemas y las soluciones deben haber sido sumamente simples. No había ningunos problemas de largo alcance y el hombre tuvo que agarrar cualquier ventaja inmediata. El mundo se ha cambiado pero estamos todavía dispuestos de vender intereses más distantes vitales para algunas ganancias menores inmediatas. Nuestro complejo militar industrial, que pone en peligro el futuro de humanidad, en mayor grado debe su estabilidad al hecho que entonces puede la gente depender de ello para su vida.

Esto sostiene verdadero para todos de nosotros, incluyéndome. Cuando recibí el premio Nobel, la única suma global grande de dinero alguna vez he visto, tuve que hacer algo con ello. El modo fácil de dejar caer esta patata caliente era de invertirlo, comprar partes. Yo sabía que la segunda Guerra Mundial venía y tuve miedo que si yo tuviera las partes que se elevan en caso de la guerra, yo desearía para la guerra. Entonces pedí a mi agente comprar las partes que bajan(disminuyen) en caso de la guerra. Esto él hizo. Perdí mi dinero y salvé(ahorré) mi alma.

Albert Szent-Gy Szent-Gy Szent-Gy ö rgyi, el Mono Loco, Grosset y Dunlap, Nueva York, 1971, p 72. (6) Disponible de Amazon.com

Turing, Alan, Mathison
(1912-1954) B. Londres, Inglaterra
( 1943, Nueva York: la Cafetería de Laboratorios de Campana) Su voz(voto) alta pendiente ya se destacó encima del murmullo general de ejecutivos asociados educados que se cepillan para la promoción dentro de la corporación de Campana. Entonces de repente lo oyeron decir: " no, no estoy interesado interesado en desarrollo de un cerebro poderoso. Todo el que soy después es solamente(justo) un cerebro mediocre, algo algo como el Presidente del Teléfono Americano y la Empresa de Telégrafo. "

Hodges de Andrés, Alan Turing el Enigma de Inteligencia, Ingana Hyman, Londres, 1983, p 251. (1)

Twain, Seńal (Clemens, Samuel, Langhorne)
(1835-1910) B. Florida, Missouri
El hombre es el Razonamiento el Animal. Tal es la reclamación. Pienso esto es la discusión abierta a. De verdad, mis experimentos me han probado que él es el Animal Irracional... De verdad, el hombre es incurablemente tonto. Las cosas simples las que otros animales fácilmente aprenden, él son incapazas de estudio. Entre mis experimentos era esto. En una hora enseńé un gato y un perro ser a amigos. Los puse en una jaula. En otra hora los enseńé ser a amigos con un conejo. En el curso de dos días fui capaz de agregar un zorro, un ganso, una ardilla y unos se zambullen. Finalmente un mono. Ellos vivieron juntos en la paz; hasta carińosamente.

Después, en otra jaula limité a un Católico irlandés de Tipperary, y en cuanto él pareció domesticado agregué a un whisky escocés Presbiteriano de Aberdeen. Después un turco de Constantinople; Christian Griego de Creta; un Armenio; un Metodista del wilds de Arkansas; un budista de China; un Brahman de Benares. Finalmente, un Coronel de Ejército de Salvación de Wapping. Entonces estuve lejos durante dos días enteros. Cuando volví para notar resultados, la jaula de los Animales Más altos estaba buena, pero en el otro había sólo un caos de los trozos sangrientos de turbantes y feces y mantas de viaje y huesos y la carne - no un espécimen se marchó vivo. Este Razonamiento de Animales no había discrepado sobre un detalle teológico y había llevado la materia(asunto) a un Tribunal Más alto.

Mark Twain, Cartas de la Tierra, un Libro de Cresta Fawcett, Greenwich, Conn., 1962, pp 180-181. (1) Disponible de Amazon.com

Watson, Thomas (Fundador de IBM)
Pienso hay un mercado mundial para aproximadamente cinco computadoras.

Cotizado(citado) por Ciudades de Carlos Hard En Martin Moskovits (Editor)., Ciencia y Sociedad, Juan C. Polanyi Nobel Lareates Conferencias, Anansi Prensa, Concordia, Ontario, 1995, p 8. (1) Disponible de Amazon.com

Woolley, Richard (Astrónomo de Reino Unido Real)
( En 1956, un ańo antes Sputnik)
Viajes espaciales son la sentina completa.

Cotizado(citado) por Ciudades de Carlos Hard En Martin Moskovits (Editor)., Ciencia y Sociedad, Juan C. Polanyi Nobel Lareates Conferencias, Anansi Prensa, Concordia, Ontario, 1995, p 8. (1) Disponible de Amazon.com

Archimedes (ca. 235 bc) b. Syracuse
Concerning levers
Give me a place to stand, and I will move the Earth.

Asimov, Isaac
(1920-1992) b. Petrovichi, Russia.
(With reference to a correspondent)
The young specialist in English Lit, ...lectured me severely on the fact that in every century people have thought they understood the Universe at last, and in every century they were proved to be wrong. It follows that the one thing we can say about our modern "knowledge" is that it is wrong.

... My answer to him was, "... when people thought the Earth was flat, they were wrong. When people thought the Earth was spherical they were wrong. But if you think that thinking the Earth is spherical is just as wrong as thinking the Earth is flat, then your view is wronger than both of them put together."

Isaac Asimov,The Relativity of Wrong, Kensington Books, New York, 1996, p 226. (1) Available from Amazon.com

Asimov, Isaac
(1920-1992) b. Petrovichi, Russia.
At two-tenths the speed of light, dust and atoms might not do significant damage even in a voyage of 40 years, but the faster you go, the worse it is--space begins to become abrasive. When you begin to approach the speed of light, hydrogen atoms become cosmic-ray particles, and they will fry the crew. ...So 60,000 kilometers per second may be the practical speed limit for space travel.

Isaac Asimov, Sail On! Sail On! In The Relativity of Wrong, Kensington Books, New York, 1996, p 220. (1) Available from Amazon.com


Bacon, Francis
(1561-1626) b. London, England
For it is esteemed a kind of dishonour unto learning to descend to inquiry or meditation upon matters mechanical, except they be such as may be thought secrets, rarities, and special subtilities, which humour of vain supercilious arrogancy is justly derided in Plato... But the truth is, they be not the highest instances that give the securest information; as may well be expressed in the tale... of the philosopher, that while he gazed upwards to the stars fell into the water; for if he had looked down he might have seen the stars in the water, but looking aloft he could not see the water in the stars. So it cometh often to pass, that mean and small things discover great, better than great can discover the small.

Francis Bacon, The Advancement of Learning, J.M. Dent and Son, London, England, 1973, pp 71-72. (1) Newer edition available from Amazon.com

Bacon, Francis
The men of experiment are like the ant, they only collect and use; the reasoners resemble spiders, who make cobwebs out of their own substance. But the bee takes the middle course: it gathers its material from the flowers of the garden and field, but transforms and digests it by a power of its own. Not unlike this is the true business of philosophy (science); for it neither relies solely or chiefly on the powers of the mind, nor does it take the matter which it gathers from natural history and mechanical experiments and lay up in the memory whole, as it finds it, but lays it up in the understanding altered and disgested. Therefore, from a closer and purer league between these two faculties, the experimental and the rational (such as has never been made), much may be hoped.

Francis Bacon, Novum Organum, Liberal Arts Press, Inc., New York, p 93. (5) Available from Amazon.com

Bierce, Ambrose
(1842-?1914) b. Meggs Co., Ohio
An inventor is a person who makes an ingenious arrangement of wheels, levers and springs, and believes it civilization.

Ambrose Bierce, The Devil's Dictionary, Dover Publications, NY, 1958, p 70. (3) Available from Amazon.com

Binet, Alfred
(1857-1911) b. France
On his intelligence scale
The scale, properly speaking, does not permit the measure of the intelligence, because intellectual qualities are not superposable, and therefore cannot be measured as linear surfaces are measured.

Quoted in Stephen Jay Gould, The Mismeasure of Man, W.W. Norton and Co., Ltd, NY, 1996, p 181. (1) Available from Amazon.com

Boltzman, Ludwig
(1844-1906) b Vienna, Austria
The most ordinary things are to philosophy a source of insoluble puzzles. With infinite ingenuity it constructs a concept of space or time and then finds it absolutely impossible that there be objects in this space or that processes occur during this time... the source of this kind of logic lies in excessive confidence in the so-called laws of thought.

Ludwig Boltzmann. Populaere Schriften Essay 19, Ludwig Boltzmann, Theoretical Physics and Philosophical Problems, B. McGuinness (ed) Reidel, Dordrecht, 1974, p 64. (7)

Boltzman, Ludwig
To go straight to the deepest depth, I went for Hegel; what unclear thoughtless flow of words I was to find there! My unlucky star led me from Hegel to Schopenhauer ... Even in Kant there were many things that I could grasp so little that given his general acuity of mind I almost suspected that he was pulling the reader's leg or was even an imposter.

D. Flamm. Stud. Hist. Phil. Sci. 14: 257 (1983). (7)

Curie, Marie
(1867-1934) b. Warsaw, Poland (née Maria Sklodowska)
Humanity needs practical men, who get the most out of their work, and, without forgetting the general good, safeguard their own interests. But humanity also needs dreamers, for whom the disinterested development of an enterprise is so captivating that it becomes impossible for them to devote their care to their own material profit.

Without doubt, these dreamers do not deserve wealth, because they do not desire it. Even so, a well-organized society should assure to such workers the efficient means of accomplishing their task, in a life freed from material care and freely consecrated to research.

Eve Curie (translated by Vincent Sheean), Madame Curie, Pocket books, Simon and Schuster, New york, 1946, pp 352-253. (7) Newer edition available from Amazon.com

Churchill, Winston, Spencer
(1874-1965) b. Malborough, England
Some of my cousins who had the great advantage of University education used to tease me with arguments to prove that nothing has any existence except what we think of it. ... These amusing mental acrobatics are all right to play with.They are perfectly harmless and perfectly useless. ... I always rested on the following argument... We look up to the sky and see the sun. Our eyes are dazzled and our senses record the fact. So here is this great sun standing apparently on no better foundation than our physical senses. But happily there is a method, apart altogether from our physical senses, of testing the reality of the sun. It is by mathematics. By means of prolonged processes of mathematics, entirely separate from the senses, astronomers are able to calculate when an eclipse will occur. They predict by pure reason that a black spot will pass across the sun on a certain day. You go and look, and your sense of sight immediately tells you that their calculations are vindicated. So here you have the evidence of the senses reinforced by the entirely separate evidence of a vast independent process of mathematical reasoning. We have taken what is called in military map-making "a cross bearing." ... When my metaphysical friends tell me that the data on which the astronomers made their calculations, were necessarily obtained originally through the evidence of the senses, I say, "no." They might, in theory at any rate, be obtained by automatic calculating-machines set in motion by the light falling upon them without admixture of the human senses at any stage. When it is persisted that we should have to be told about the calculations and use our ears for that purpose, I reply that the mathematical process has a reality and virtue in itself, and that once discovered it constitutes a new and independent factor. I am also at this point accustomed to reaffirm with emphasis my conviction that the sun is real, and also that it is hot--in fact hot as Hell, and that if the metaphysicians doubt it they should go there and see.

Winston S. Churchill, My Early Life, Fontana, London, 1972, pp 123-124. (1) Newer edition available from Amazon.com

Churchill, Winston S.
...man will occasionally stumble over the truth, but usually manages to pick himself up, walk over or around it, and carry on.

Quoted in: Irving Klotz, Bending perception, a book review, Nature, 1996, Volume 379, p 412 (1).

Crick, Francis
(1916-) b. Northampton, England
When the war finally came to an end, I was at a loss as to what to do... I took stock of my qualifications. A not-very-good degree, redeemed somewhat by my achievements at the Admiralty. A knowledge of certain restricted parts of magnetism and hydrodynamics, neither of them subjects for which I felt the least bit of enthusiasm. No published papers at all... Only gradually did I realize that this lack of qualification could be an advantage. By the time most scientists have reached age thirty they are trapped by their own expertise. They have invested so much effort in one particular field that it is often extremely difficult, at that time in their careers, to make a radical change. I, on the other hand, knew nothing, except for a basic training in somewhat old-fashioned physics and mathematics and an ability to turn my hand to new things... Since I essentially knew nothing, I had an almost completely free choice...

Francis Crick, What Mad Pursuit, Basic Books, New York, 1988, pp 15-16. (1) Available from Amazon.com

Cuppy, Will
1884-1949
Some fishes become extinct, but Herrings go on forever. Herrings spawn at all times and places and nothing will induce them to change their ways. They have no fish control. Herrings congregate in schools, where they learn nothing at all. They move in vast numbers in May and October. Herrings subsist upon Copepods and Copepods subsist upon Diatoms and Diatoms just float around and reproduce. Young Herrings or Sperling or Whitebait are rather cute. They have serrated abdomens. The skull of the Common or Coney Island Herring is triangular, but he would be just the same anyway. (The nervous system of the Herring is fairly simple. When the Herring runs into something the stimulus is flashed to the forebrain, with or without results.)

Will Cuppy, How to Become Extinct, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1984, p. 13. (1) Available from Amazon.com

Darwin, Charles
To suppose that the eye with all its inimitable contrivances for adjusting the focus to different distances, for admitting different amounts of light, and for the correction of spherical and chromatic aberration, could have been formed by natural selection, seems, I confess, absurd in the highest degree.

Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species, John Murray, London, 1859. (1) Newer edition available from Amazon.com

Davy, Sir Humphrey
Nothing tends so much to the advancement of knowledge as the application of a new instrument. The native intellectual powers of men in different times are not so much the causes of the different success of their labours, as the peculiar nature of the means and artificial resources in their possession.

Thomas Hager, Force of Nature, Simon ans Schuster, New York, 1995, p 86. (1) Available from Amazon.com

Drake, Frank
(1930-) b. Chicago, Illinois
"I know perfectly well that at this moment the whole universe is listening to us," Jean Giraudoux wrote in The Madwoman of Chaillot, "and that every word we say echoes to the remotest star." That poetic paranoia is a perfect description of what the Sun, as a gravitational lens, could do for the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence.

Frank Drake and Dava Sobel, Is Anyone Out There? Dell Publishing, New York, 1994, p.232. (1) Available from Amazon.com

Dyson, Freeman
(On the anthropogenic increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration)
The essential fact which emerges ... is that the three smallest and most active reservoirs ( of carbon in the global carbon cycle), the atmosphere, the plants and the soil, are all of roughly the same size. This means that large human disturbance of any one of these reservoirs will have large effects on all three. We cannot hope either to understand or to manage the carbon in the atmosphere unless we understand and manage the trees and the soil too.

 

Freeman Dyson, From Eros to Gaia, Penguin Books, London, New York, 1993, pp 132-133. Newer edition available from Amazon.com

Dyson, Freeman
The technologies which have had the most profound effects on human life are usually simple. A good example of a simple technology with profound historical consequences is hay. Nobody knows who invented hay, the idea of cutting grass in the autumn and storing it in large enough quantities to keep horses and cows alive through the winter. All we know is that the technology of hay was unknown to the Roman Empire but was known to every village of medieval Europe. Like many other crucially important technologies, hay emerged anonymously during the so-called Dark Ages. According the Hay Theory of History, the invention of hay was the decisive event which moved the center of gravity of urban civilization from the Mediterranean basin to Northern and Western Europe. The Roman Empire did not need hay because in a Mediterranean climate the grass grows well enough in winter for animals to graze. North of the Alps, great cities dependent on horses and oxen for motive power could not exist without hay. So it was hay that allowed populations to grow and civilizations to flourish among the forests of Northern Europe. Hay moved the greatness of Rome to Paris and London, and later to Berlin and Moscow and New York.

Freeman Dyson Infinite in All Directions, Harper and Row, New York, 1988, p 135. Available from Amazon.com

Eddington, Sir Arthur
(1882-1944) b. England
For the truth of the conclusions of physical science, observation is the supreme Court of Appeal. It does not follow that every item which we confidently accept as physical knowledge has actually been certified by the Court; our confidence is that it would be certified by the Court if it were submitted. But it does follow that every item of physical knowledge is of a form which might be submitted to the Court. It must be such that we can specify (although it may be impracticable to carry out) an observational procedure which would decide whether it is true or not. Clearly a statement cannot be tested by observation unless it is an assertion about the results of observation. Every item of physical knowledge must therefore be an assertion of what has been or would be the result of carrying out a specified observational procedure.

Sir Arthur Eddington, The Philosophy of Physical Science, Ann Arbor Paperbacks, The University of Michigan Press, 1958, pp 9-10. Available from Amazon.com

Eddington, Sir Arthur
(1882-1944) b. England
Let us suppose that an ichthyologist is exploring the life of the ocean. He casts a net into the water and brings up a fishy assortment. Surveying his catch, he proceeds in the usual manner of a scientist to systematise what it reveals. He arrives at two generalisations:
(1) No sea-creature is less than two inches long.
(2) All sea-creatures have gills.
These are both true of his catch, and he assumes tentatively that they will remain true however often he repeats it.

In applying this analogy, the catch stands for the body of knowledge which constitutes physical science, and the net for the sensory and intellectual equipment which we use in obtaining it. The casting of the net corresponds to observation; for knowledge which has not been or could not be obtained by observation is not admitted into physical science.

An onlooker may object that the first generalisation is wrong. "There are plenty of sea-creatures under two inches long, only your net is not adapted to catch them." The icthyologist dismisses this objection contemptuously. "Anything uncatchable by my net is ipso facto outside the scope of icthyological knowledge. In short, "what my net can't catch isn't fish." Or--to translate the analogy--"If you are not simply guessing, you are claiming a knowledge of the physical universe discovered in some other way than by the methods of physical science, and admittedly unverifiable by such methods. You are a metaphysician. Bah!"

Sir Arthur Eddington, The Philosophy of Physical Science, Ann Arbor Paperbacks, The University of Michigan Press, 1958, p 16. Available from Amazon.com

Einstein, Albert
(1879-1955) b. Germany
(To a student)
Dear Miss ---
I have read about sixteen pages of your manuscript ... I suffered exactly the same treatment at the hands of my teachers who disliked me for my independence and passed over me when they wanted assistants ... keep your manuscript for your sons and daughters, in order that they may derive consolation from it and not give a damn for what their teachers tell them or think of them. ... There is too much education altogether.

Albert Einstein, The World as I See It, The Wisdom Library, New York, 1949, pp 21-22. (1) Newer edition available from Amazon.com

Einstein, Albert
(Written in old age) I have never belonged wholeheartedly to a country, a state, nor to a circle of friends, nor even to my own family.

When I was still a rather precocious young man, I already realized most vividly the futility of the hopes and aspirations that most men pursue throughout their lives.

Well-being and happiness never appeared to me as an absolute aim. I am even inclined to compare such moral aims to the ambitions of a pig.

Quoted in C.P. Snow, Variety of Men, Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, U.K. 1969, p 77. (1) Available from Amazon.com

Feynman, Richard P.
(1918-1988) b. Far Rockaway, New York
What I am going to tell you about is what we teach our physics students in the third or fourth year of graduate school... It is my task to convince you not to turn away because you don't understand it. You see my physics students don't understand it... That is because I don't understand it. Nobody does.

Richard P. Feynman, QED, The Strange Theory of Light and Matter, Penguin Books, London, 1990, p 9. (1) Different edition available from Amazon.com

Frisch, Max
(1911-) b. Switzerland
Technology is the knack of so arranging the world that we do not experience it.

Rollo May, The Cry for Myth, Norton, New York, p 57. (4) Available from Amazon.com

Gell-Mann, Murray
In 1963, when I assigned the name "quark" to the fundamental constituents of the nucleon, I had the sound first, without the spelling, which could have been "kwork." Then, in one of my occasional perusals of Finnegans Wake, by James Joyce, I came across the word "quark" in the phrase "Three quarks for Muster Mark." Since "quark" (meaning, for one thing, the cry of a gull) was clearly intended to rhyme with "Mark," as well as "bark" and other such words, I had to find an excuse to pronounce it as "kwork." But the book represents the dreams of a publican named Humphrey Chimpden Earwicker. Words in the text are typically drawn from several sources at once, like the "portmanteau words" in Through the Looking Glass. From time to time, phrases occur in the book that are partially determined by calls for drinks at the bar. I argued, therefore, that perhaps one of the multiple sources of the cry "Three quarks for Muster Mark" might be "Three quarts for Mister Mark," in which case the pronunciation "kwork" would not be totally unjustified. In any case, the number three fitted perfectly the way quarks occur in nature.

Murray Gell-Mann, The Quark and the Jaguar, W.H. Freeman, New York, 1994, pp 180-181. (1)

Hawking, Stephen W.
(1942-) b. Oxford, England
Even if there is only one possible unified theory, it is just a set of rules and equations. What is it that breathes fire into the equations and makes a universe for them to describe? The usual approach of science of constructing a mathematical model cannot answer the questions of why there should be a universe for the model to describe. Why does the universe go to all the bother of existing?

Stephen W. Hawking, A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes, Bantam, NY, 1988, p 174. Available from Amazon.com

Hawking, Stephen W.
There are grounds for cautious optimism that we may now be near the end ofthe search for the ultimate laws of nature.

Stephen W. Hawking, A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes, Bantam, NY, 1988, p 157. Available from Amazon.com

Ingram, Jay W.
I once read that if the folds in the cerebral cortex were smoothed out it would cover a card table. That seemed quite unbelievable but it did make me wonder just how big the cortex would be if you ironed it out. I thought it might just about cover a family-sized pizza: not bad, but no card-table. I was astonished to realize that nobody seems to know the answer. A quick search yielded the following estimates for the smoothed out dimensions of the cerebral cortex of the human brain.

An article in Bioscience in November 1987 by Julie Ann Miller claimed the cortex was a "quarter-metre square." That is napkin-sized, about ten inches by ten inches. Scientific American magazine in September 1992 upped the ante considerably with an estimated of 1 1/2 square metres; thats a square of brain forty inches on each side, getting close to the card-table estimate. A psychologist at the University of Toronto figured it would cover the floor of his living room (I haven't seen his living room), but the prize winning estimate so far is from the British magazine New Scientist's poster of the brain published in 1993 which claimed that the cerebral cortex, if flattened out, would cover a tennis court. How can there be such disagreement? How can so many experts not know how big the cortex is? I don't know, but I'm on the hunt for an expert who will say the cortex, when fully spread out, will cover a football field. A Canadian football field.

Jay Ingram, The Burning House, Unlocking the Mysteries of the Brain Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, U.K., 1995 p 11.

John Paul II, Pope (Karol Wojtyla)
(1920-) b. Wadowice, Poland
Science can purify religion from error and superstition. Religion can purify science from idolatry and false absolutes.

James Reston, Galileo, A Life, HarperCollins, NY, 1994, p 461. (1) Available from Amazon.com

Johnson, George
The weapons laboratory of Los Alamos stands as a reminder that our very power as pattern finders can work against us, that it is possible to discern enought of the universe's underlying order to tap energy so powerful that it can destroy its discoverers or slowly poison them with its waste.

George Johnson Fire in the Mind, Vintage Books, New York, 1996, p 326. (1) Available from Amazon.com

Johnson, Samuel, Dr.
(1709-1784) b. Lichfield, England
Swallows certainly sleep all winter. A number of them conglobulate together, by flying round and round, and then all in a heap throw themselves under water, and lye in the bed of a river.

James Boswell The Life of Samuel Johnson, LL.D., 3rd Edn., Malone, London, 1799 (Abridged Edn., The New American Library, NY, 1968, p 192.) Available from Amazon.com


Kauffman, Stuart
Life emerged, I suggest, not simple, but complex and whole, and has remained complex and whole ever since—not because of a mysterious élan vital, but thanks to the simple, profound transformation of dead molecules into an organization by which each molecule's formation is catalyzed by some other molecule in the organization. The secret of life, the wellspring of reproduction, is not to be found in the beauty of Watson-Crick pairing, but in the achievement of collective catalytic closure. So, in another sense, life—complex, whole, emergent—is simple after all, a natural outgrowth of the world in which we live.

Stuart Kauffman At Home in the Universe, Oxford University Press, 1995, pp 47-48. Available from Amazon.com

Kauffman, Stuart
If biologists have ignored self-organization, it is not because self-ordering is not pervasive and profound. It is because we biologists have yet to understand how to think about systems governed simultaneously by two sources of order, Yet who seeing the snowflake, who seeing simple lipid molecules cast adrift in water forming themselves into cell-like hollow lipid vesicles, who seeing the potential for the crystallization of life in swarms of reacting molecules, who seeing the stunning order for free in networks linking tens upon tens of thousands of variables, can fail to entertain a central thought: if ever we are to attain a final theory in biology, we will surely, surely have to understand the commingling of self-organization and selection. We will have to see that we are the natural expressions of a deeper order. Ultimately, we will discover in our creation myth that we are expected after all.

Stuart Kauffman At Home in the Universe, Oxford University Press, 1995, p 112. Available from Amazon.com

Kauffman, Stuart

Pick up a pinecone and count the spiral rows of scales. You may find eight spirals winding up to the left and 13 spirals winding up to the right, or 13 left and 21 right spirals, or other pairs of numbers. The striking fact is that these pairs of numbers are adjacent numbers in the famous Fibonacci series: 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21... Here, each term is the sum of the previous two terms. The phenomenon is well known and called phyllotaxis. Many are the efforts of biologists to understand why pinecones, sunflowers, and many other plants exhibit this remarkable pattern. Organisms do the strangest things, but all these odd things need not reflect selection or historical accident. Some of the best efforts to understand phyllotaxis appeal to a form of self-organization. Paul Green, at Stanford, has argued persuasively that the Fibonacci series is just what one would expects as the simplest self-repeating pattern that can be generated by the particular growth processes in the growing tips of the tissues that form sunflowers, pinecones, and so forth. Like a snowflake and its sixfold symmetry, the pinecone and its phyllotaxis may be part of order for free

Stuart Kauffman At Home in the Universe, Oxford University Press, 1995, p 151. (1) Available from Amazon.com

Kaku, Michio
It is often stated that of all the theories proposed in this century, the silliest is quantum theory. In fact, some say that the only thing that quantum theory has going for it is that it is unquestionably correct.

Michio Kaku Hyperspace, Oxford University Press, 1995, p 263. (1)Available from Amazon.com

Kaku, Michio
There are many examples of old, incorrect theories that stubbornly persisted, sustained only by the prestige of foolish but well-connected scientists. ... Many of these theories have been killed off only when some decisive experiment exposed their incorrectness. .. Thus the yeoman work in any science, and especially physics, is done by the experimentalist, who must keep the theoreticians honest.

Michio Kaku Hyperspace, Oxford University Press, 1995, p 263. (1) Available from Amazon.com

Kealey, Terence
There is a central myth about British science and economic growth, and it goes like this: science breeds wealth, Britain is in economic decline, therefore Britain has not done enough science. Actually, it is easy to show that a key cause of Britain's economic decline has been that the government has funded too much science...

Post-war British science policy illustrates the folly of wasting money on research. The government decided, as it surveyed the ruins of war-torn Europe in 1945, that the future lay in computers, nuclear power and jet aircraft, so successive administrations poured money into these projects--to vast technical success. The world's first commercial mainframe computer was British, sold by Ferrranti in 1951; the world's first commercial jet aircraft was British, the Comet, in service in 1952; the first nuclear power station was British, Calder Hall, commissioned in 1956; and the world's first and only supersonic commercial jet aircraft was Anglo-French, Concorde, in service in 1976.

Yet these technical advances crippled us economically, because they were so uncommercial. The nuclear generation of electricity, for example, had lost 2.1 billion pounds by 1975 (2.1 billion pounds was a lot then); Concord had lost us, alone, 2.3 billion pounds by 1976; the Comet crashed and America now dominates computers. Had these vast sums of money not been wasted on research, we would now be a significantly richer country.

Terence Kealey Wasting Billions, the Scientific Way, The Sunday Times, October 13, 1996. (1)

Keynes, John Maynard
The difficulty lies, not in the new ideas, but in escaping the old ones, which ramify, for those brought up as most of us have been, into every corner of our minds.

Quoted in: K. Eric Drexler Engines of Creation: the Coming Era of Nanotechnology, Bantam, New York, 1987, p 231. (1) Available from Amazon.com

Lewis, C.S.
(1898-1963) b. Ireland
There is something which unites magic and applied science while separating both from the 'wisdom' of earlier ages. For the wise men of old the cardinal problem had been how to conform the soul to reality, and the solution had been knowledge, self-discipline, and virtue. for magic and applied science alike the problem is how to subdue reality to the wishes of men: the solution is a technique; and both, in the practice of this technique, are ready to do things hitherto regarded as disgusting and impious--such as digging up and mutilating the dead.

If we compare the chief trumpeter of the new era (Bacon) with Marlowe's Faustus, the similarity is striking. You will read in some critics that Faustus has a thirst for knowledge. In reality he hardly mentions it. It is not truth he wants from the devils, but gold and guns and girls. In the same spirit, Bacon condemns those who value knowledge as an end in itself... The true object is to extend Man's power to the performance of all things possible. He rejects magic because it does not work; but his goal is that of the magician...

No doubt those who really founded modern science were usually those whose love of truth exceeded their love of power; in every mixed movement the efficacy comes from the good elements not from the bad. But the presence of bad elements in not irrelevant to the direction the efficacy takes. It might be going too far to say that the modern scientific movement was tainted from its birth; but I think it would be true to say that it was born in an unhealthy neighbourhood and at an inauspicious hour. Its triumphs may have been too rapid and purchased at too high a price: reconsideration, and something like repentance, may be required.

Lewis, C.S. The Abolition of Man, Collins, Fount Paperback, 1978, p. 46. (1) Available from Amazon.com

Leakey, Richard and Roger Lewin
It has taken biologists some 230 years to identify and describe three quarters of a million insects; if there are indeed at least thirty million, as Erwin (Terry Erwin, the Smithsonian Institute) estimates, then, working as they have in the past, insect taxonomists have ten thousand years of employment ahead of them. Ghilean Prance, director of the Botanical Gardens in Kew, estimates that a complete list of plants in the Americas would occupy taxonomists for four centuries, again working at historical rates.

Richard Leakey and Roger Lewin, 1995, The Sixth Extinction, Anchor, New York, pp 122-123. Available from Amazon.com

Lippmann, Walter
Without offering any data on all that occurs between conception and the age of kindergarten, they announce on the basis of what they have got out of a few thousand questionnaires that they are measuring the hereditary mental endowment of human beings. Obviously, this is not a conclusion obtained by research. It is a conclusion planted by the will to believe. It is, I think, for the most part unconsciously planted ... If the impression takes root that these tests really measure intelligence, that they constitute a sort of last judgment on the child's capacity, that they reveal "scientifically" his predestined ability, then it would be a thousand times better if all the intelligence testers and all their questionnaires were sunk in the Sargasso Sea.

In the course of a debate with Lewis Terman: quoted in Stephen Jay Gould, The Mismeasure of Man, W.W. Norton and Co., Ltd, NY, 1996, p 181. (1)

Lucretius
(99 B.C.-55 B.C.) b. Rome
(On the temperature of water in wells)
The reason why the water in wells becomes colder in summer is that the earth is then rarefied by the heat, and releases into the air all the heat-particles it happens to have. So, the more the earth is drained of heat, the colder becomes the moisture that is concealed in the ground. On the other hand, when all the earth condenses and contracts and congeals with the cold, then, of course, as it contracts, it squeezes our into the wells whatever heat it holds.

Lucretius On the nature of things (De Rerum Natura), Sphere Books, London, 1969, p. 233. (1) Newer edition available from Amazon.com

Mencken, H(enry) L(ouis)
(1880-1956) b. Baltimore, MD
The value the world sets upon motives is often grossly unjust and inaccurate. Consider, for example, two of them: mere insatiable curiosity and the desire to do good. The latter is put high above the former, and yet it is the former that moves one of the most useful men the human race has yet produced: the scientific investigator. What actually urges him on is not some brummagem idea of Service, but a boundless, almost pathological thirst to penetrate the unknown, to uncover the secret, to find out what has not been found out before. His prototype is not the liberator releasing slaves, the good Samaritan lifting up the fallen, but a dog sniffing tremendously at an infinite series of rat-holes.

Mencken, H.L., Reprinted in A Mencken Crestomathy, Vintage Books, New York, 1982, p. 12, first printed in the Smart Set, Aug. 1919, pp 60-61. (1)

Michelson, Albert, Abraham
(1852-1931) b. Germany
(In 1903)
The most important fundamental laws and facts of physical science have all been discovered, and these are now so firmly established that the possibility of their ever being supplemented in consequence of new discoveries is exceedingly remote.

Quoted by Peter Coveney and Roger Highfield in The Arrow of Time, Flamingo, London 1991, p 67. Available from Amazon.com

Mill, John Stuart
The tendency has always been strong to believe that whatever received a name must be an entity or being, having an independent existence of its own. And if no real entity answering to the name could be found, men did not for that reason suppose that none existed, but imagined that it was something peculiarly abstruse and mysterious.

Quoted in Stephen Jay Gould, The Mismeasure of Man, W.W. Norton and Co., Ltd, NY, 1996, p 181. (1)

Monod, Jacques
Biology occupies a position among the sciences at once marginal and central. Marginal because--the living world constituting but a tiny and very "special" part of the universe--it does not seem likely that the study of living beings will ever uncover general laws applicable outside the biosphere. But if the ultimate aim of the whole of science is indeed, as I believe, to clarify man's relationship to the universe, then biology must be accorded a central position...

Jacques Monod Chance and Necessity Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1971, p xi. (1) Available from Amazon.com

Newton, Isaac
(1642-1727) b. Woolsthorpe, England
If I have seen further than others, it is by standing upon the shoulders of giants.

On how he made discoveries
By always thinking unto them. I keep the subject constantly before me and wait till the first dawnings open little by little into the full light.

E.N. da C. Andrade, Sir Isaac Newton, His Life and Work, Doubleday Anchor, New York, 1950, p. 35. (1) Newer edition available from Amazon.com

Pasteur, Louis
(1822-1892) b. Dôle, France
Science knows no country, because knowledge belongs to humanity, and is the torch which illuminates the world. Science is the highest personification of the nation because that nation will remain the first which carries the furthest the works of thought and intelligence.

René Dubos, Pasteur and Modern Science, Doubleday, Garden City, NY, 1960, p. 145. (1) Available from Amazon.com

Chance favors the prepared mind.

 

Quoted in H. Eves Return to Mathematical Circles, Prindle, Wever and Schmidt, Boston, 1988. (2) Available from Amazon.com

Pauling, Linus
(1901-1994) b. Portland, Oregon
I recognize that many physicists are smarter than I am--most of them theoretical physicists. A lot of smart people have gone into theoretical physics, therefore the field is extremely competitive. I console myself with the thought that although they may be smarter and may be deeper thinkers than I am, I have broader interests than they have.

Linus Pauling, The Meaning of Life, Edited by David Friend and the editors of Life, Little Brown, New York, 1990, p. 69. (6)

Polanyi, John C.
(1929-) b. Berlin, Germany
(Concerning the allocation of research funds) It is folly to use as one's guide in the selection of fundamental science the criterion of utility. Not because (scientists)... despise utility. But because. .. useful outcomes are best identified after the making of discoveries, rather than before.

John C. Polanyi. Excerpt from the keynote address to the Canadian Society for the Weizmann Institute of Science, Toronto June 2, 1996.

Polanyi, John C.
Faced with the admitted difficulty of managing the creative process, we are doubling our efforts to do so. Is this because science has failed to deliver, having given us nothing more than nuclear power, penicillin, space travel, genetic engineering, transistors, and superconductors? Or is it because governments everywhere regard as a reproach activities they cannot advantageously control? They felt that way about the marketplace for goods, but trillions of wasted dollars later, they have come to recognize the efficiency of this self-regulating system. Not so, however, with the marketplace for ideas.

John C. Polanyi In Martin Moskovits (Ed.), Science and Society, the John C. Polanyi Nobel Lareates Lectures, Anansi Press, Concord, Ontario, 1995, p 8. (1) Available from Amazon.com

Postman, Neil
Educators may bring upon themselves unnecessary travail by taking a tactless and unjustifiable position about the relation between scientific and religious narratives. We see this, of course, in the conflict concerning creation science. Some educators representing, as they think, the conscience of science act much like those legislators who in 1925 prohibited by law the teaching of evolution in Tennessee. In that case, anti-evolutionists were fearful that a scientific idea would undermine religious belief. Today, pro-evolutionists are fearful that a religious idea will undermine scientific belief. The former had insufficient confidence in religion; the latter insufficient confidence in science. The point is that profound but contradictory ideas may exist side by side, if they are constructed from different materials and methods and have different purposes. Each tells us something important about where we stand in the universe, and it is foolish to insist that they must despise each other.

Neil Postman, The End of Education, Alfred Knopf, New York, 1995, p 107. (1) Available from Amazon.com

Postman, Neil
(19??-) b. New York, USA
"The scientific method," Thomas Henry Huxley once wrote, "is nothing but the normal working of the human mind." That is to say, when the mind is working; that is to say further, when it is engaged in corrrecting its mistakes.

Taking this point of view, we may conclude that science is not physics, biology, or chemistry--is not even a "subject"--but a moral imperative drawn from a larger narrative whose purpose is to give perspective, balance, and humility to learning.

Neil Postman, The End of Education, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1995, p 68. Available from Amazon.com

Russell, Bertrand, Arthur, William
(1872-1970) b. England
Every living thing is a sort of imperialist, seeking to transform as much as possible of its environment into itself... When we compare the (present) human population of the globe with... that of former times, we see that "chemical imperialism" has been... the main end to which human intelligence has been devoted.

Bertrand Russell, An Outline of Philosophy, Meridian Books, Cleveland and New York, 1960, pp 31-32. (1) Newer edition available from Amazon.com

Russell, Bertrand, Arthur, William
Almost everything that distinguishes the modern world from earlier centuries is attibutable to science, which achieved its most spectacular triumphs in the seventeenth century.

Bertrand Russell, History of Western Philosophy, Allen and Unwin, London, 1979, p 512. (6) Available from Amazon.com

Snow, C(harles) P(ercy)
(1905-1980) b. Leicester, England
...Einstein, twenty-six years old, only three years away from crude privation, still a patent examiner, published in the Annalen der Physik in 1905 five papers on entirely different subjects. Three of them were among the greatest in the history of physics. One, very simple, gave the quantum explanation of the photoelectric effect--it was this work for which, sixteen years later he was awarded the Nobel prize. Another dealt with the phenomenon of Brownian motion, the apparently erratic movement of tiny particles suspended in a liquid: Einstein showed that these movements satisfied a clear statistical law. This was like a conjuring trick, easy when explained: before it, decent scientists could still doubt the concrete existence of atoms and molecules: this paper was as near direct proof of their concreteness as a theoretician could give. The third paper was the special theory of relativity, which quietly amalgamated space, time and matter into one fundamental unity.

This last paper contains no references and quotes no authority. All of them are written in a style unlike any other theoretical physicist's. They contain very little mathematics. There is a good deal of verbal commentary. The conclusions, the bizarre conclusions, emerge as though with the greatest of ease: the reasoning is unbreakable. It looks as though he had reached the conclusions by pure thought, unaided, without listening to the opinions of others. To a surprisingly large extent, that is precisely what he had done.

It is pretty safe to say that, so long as physics lasts, no one will again hack out three major breakthroughs in one year.

C.P. Snow, Variety of Men, Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, U.K. 1969, pp 85-86. (1) Available from Amazon.com

Szent-Györgyi, Albert
(1893-1984) b. Hungary
Basic research may seem very expensive. I am a well-paid scientist. My hourly wage is equal to that of a plumber, but sometimes my research remains barren of results for weeks, months or years and my conscience begins to bother me for wasting the taxpayer's money. But in reviewing my life's work, I have to think that the expense was not wasted. Basic research, to which we owe everything, is relatively very cheap when compared with other outlays of modern society. The other day I made a rough calculation which led me to the conclusion that if one were to add up all the money ever spent by man on basic research, one would find it to be just about equal to the money spent by the Pentagon this past year.

Albert Szent-Györgyi, The Crazy Ape, Grosset and Dunlap, New York, 1971, p 72. (6) Available from Amazon.com

Szent-Györgyi, Albert
Our nervous system developed for one sole purpose, to maintain our lives and satisfy our needs. All our reflexes serve this purpose. this makes us utterly egotistic. With rare exceptions people are really interested in one thing only: themselves. Everybody, by necessity, is the center of his own universe.

When the human brain took its final shape, say, 100,000 years ago, problems and solutions must have been exceedingly simple. There were no long-range problems and man had to grab any immediate advantage. The world has changed but we are still willing to sell more distant vital interests for some minor immediate gains. Our military industrial complex, which endangers the future of mankind, to a great extent owes its stability to the fact that so may people depend on it for their living.

This holds true for all of us, including myself. When I received the Nobel Prize, the only big lump sum of money I have ever seen, I had to do something with it. The easiest way to drop this hot potato was to invest it, to buy shares. I knew World War II was coming and I was afraid that if I had shares which rise in case of war, I would wish for war. So I asked my agent to buy shares which go down in the event of war. This he did. I lost my money and saved my soul.

Albert Szent-Györgyi, The Crazy Ape, Grosset and Dunlap, New York, 1971, p 72. (6) Available from Amazon.com

Turing, Alan, Mathison
(1912-1954) b. London, England
(1943, New York: the Bell Labs Cafeteria) His high pitched voice already stood out above the general murmur of well-behaved junior executives grooming themselves for promotion within the Bell corporation. Then he was suddenly heard to say: "No, I'm not interested in developing a powerful brain. All I'm after is just a mediocre brain, something like the President of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company."

Andrew Hodges, Alan Turing the Enigma of Intelligence, Unwin Hyman, London, 1983, p 251. (1)

Twain, Mark (Clemens, Samuel, Langhorne)
(1835-1910) b. Florida, Missouri
Man is the Reasoning Animal. Such is the claim. I think it is open to dispute. Indeed, my experiments have proven to me that he is the Unreasoning Animal... In truth, man is incurably foolish. Simple things which other animals easily learn, he is incapable of learning. Among my experiments was this. In an hour I taught a cat and a dog to be friends. I put them in a cage. In another hour I taught them to be friends with a rabbit. In the course of two days I was able to add a fox, a goose, a squirrel and some doves. Finally a monkey. They lived together in peace; even affectionately.

Next, in another cage I confined an Irish Catholic from Tipperary, and as soon as he seemed tame I added a Scotch Presbyterian from Aberdeen. Next a Turk from Constantinople; a Greek Christian from Crete; an Armenian; a Methodist from the wilds of Arkansas; a Buddhist from China; a Brahman from Benares. Finally, a Salvation Army Colonel from Wapping. Then I stayed away for two whole days. When I came back to note results, the cage of Higher Animals was all right, but in the other there was but a chaos of gory odds and ends of turbans and fezzes and plaids and bones and flesh--not a specimen left alive. These Reasoning Animals had disagreed on a theological detail and carried the matter to a Higher Court.

Mark Twain, Letters from the Earth, A Fawcett Crest Book, Greenwich, Conn., 1962, pp 180-181. (1) Available from Amazon.com

Watson, Thomas (Founder of IBM)
I think there's a world market for about five computers.

Quoted by Charles Hard Townes In Martin Moskovits (Ed.), Science and Society, the John C. Polanyi Nobel Lareates Lectures, Anansi Press, Concord, Ontario, 1995, p 8. (1) Available from Amazon.com

Woolley, Richard (U.K. Astronomer Royal)
(In 1956, one year before Sputnik)
Space travel is utter bilge.

Quoted by Charles Hard Townes In Martin Moskovits (Ed.), Science and Society, the John C. Polanyi Nobel Lareates Lectures, Anansi Press, Concord, Ontario, 1995, p 8. (1) Available from Amazon.com


 

List of Contributors

The number in parenthesis following a quotation identifies the contributor in the following numbered list.

(1) The Editor

(2) James K. Love (jklove@compassnet.com) and William D. Ross (billross@deepcove.com)

(3) Bruce Miller (Bruce.Miller@hq.gte.com)

(4) Cited by Neil Postman in The End of Education, Alfred Knopf, NY, 1995, p 10.

(5) Dr. John Hetherington, Department of Psychology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901-6502, USA, "sawtooth@siu.edu."

(6) Cited by Thomas Hager in Force of Nature, Simon and Schuster, New York, 1995.

(7) Cited by Peter Coveney and Roger Highfield in The Arrow of Time, Flamingo, London 1991

Compiled and edited by Alfred Burdett

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